English auxiliary verbs

English auxiliary verbs are a small set of English verbs, which include the English modal auxiliary verbs and a few others.^[1]^: 19^[2]^: 11–12 Although the auxiliary verbs of English are widely believed to lack inherent semantic meaning and instead to modify the meaning of the verbs they accompany, they are nowadays classed by linguists as auxiliary on the basis not of semantic but of grammatical properties: among these, that they invert with their subjects in interrogative main clauses (Has John arrived?) and are negated either by the simple addition of not (He has not arrived) or (with a very few exceptions) by negative inflection (He hasn't arrived).

^ Palmer, F. R. (1965). A Linguistic Study of the English Verb. London: Longmans, Green. OCLC 1666825.
^ Warner, Anthony R. (1993). English Auxiliaries: Structure and History. Cambridge Studies in Linguistics 66. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30284-5.

[palmer1965-1] Palmer, F. R. (1965). A Linguistic Study of the English Verb. London: Longmans, Green. OCLC 1666825.

[warner_aux-2] Warner, Anthony R. (1993). English Auxiliaries: Structure and History. Cambridge Studies in Linguistics 66. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30284-5.

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