İsmail Enver | |
---|---|
![]() Enver Bey in 1911 | |
Minister of War | |
In office 3 January 1914 – 13 October 1918 | |
Prime Minister | Mehmed Talaat Pasha Said Halim Pasha |
Preceded by | Ahmet Izzet Pasha |
Succeeded by | Ahmet Izzet Pasha |
Chief of the General Staff | |
In office 8 January 1914 – 13 October 1918 | |
Preceded by | Mehmed Hâdî Pasha |
Succeeded by | Ahmed Izzet Pasha |
Deputy commander-in-chief | |
In office 8 January 1914 – 10 August 1918 | |
Monarchs | Mehmed V Mehmed VI |
Chief of staff of the commander-in-chief | |
In office 10 August 1918 – 13 October 1918 | |
Monarch | Mehmed VI |
Personal details | |
Born | Constantinople, Ottoman Empire (present-day Istanbul, Turkey) | 23 November 1881
Died | 4 August 1922 Bukharan People's Soviet Republic (present-day Tajikistan) | (aged 40)
Resting place | Monument of Liberty, Istanbul, Turkey 41°04′05″N 28°58′55″E / 41.06814°N 28.982041°E |
Nationality | Turco-Albanian |
Political party | Union and Progress Party |
Spouse | Naciye Sultan |
Children | Mahpeyker Hanımsultan Türkan Hanımsultan Sultanzade Ali Bey |
Alma mater | Army War College (1903)[1] |
Signature | ![]() |
Military service | |
Branch/service | Ottoman Army |
Years of service | 1903–1918 |
Rank | Mirliva and the de facto Commander-in-Chief |
Commands | Army of Islam Yildirim Army Group Third Army |
Battles/wars | |
İsmail Enver (Ottoman Turkish: اسماعیل انور پاشا; Turkish: İsmail Enver Paşa; 23 November 1881[2] – 4 August 1922), better known as Enver Pasha, was an Ottoman military officer, revolutionary, and convicted war criminal[3][4] who was a part of the dictatorial triumvirate known as the "Three Pashas" (along with Talaat Pasha and Cemal Pasha) in the Ottoman Empire.
While stationed in Ottoman Macedonia, Enver joined the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), an organization affiliated with the Young Turks movement that was agitating against Sultan Abdul Hamid II's despotic rule. He was a key leader of the 1908 Young Turk Revolution, which reestablished the Constitution and parliamentary democracy in the Ottoman Empire. Along with Ahmed Niyazi, Enver was hailed as "hero of the revolution". However, a series of crises in the Empire, including the 31 March Incident, the Balkan Wars, and the power struggle with the Freedom and Accord Party, left Enver and the Unionists disillusioned with liberal Ottomanism. After the 1913 Ottoman coup d'état brought the CUP directly to power, Enver became War Minister, while Talaat assumed control over the civilian government.
As war minister and de facto Commander-in-Chief (despite his role as the de jure Deputy Commander-in-Chief, as the Sultan formally held the title), Enver was one of the most powerful figures in the Ottoman government.[5][6][7] He led a disastrous attack on Russian forces in the Battle of Sarikamish, after which he blamed Armenians for his defeat. Along with Talaat, he was one of the principal perpetrators of the Late Ottoman Genocides[8][9][10] and thus is held responsible for the death of between 800,000 and 1,800,000[11][12][13][14] Armenians, 300,000 Assyrians and 750,000 Greeks. Following defeat in World War I, Enver, along with other leading Unionists, escaped the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Military Tribunal convicted him and other Unionists and sentenced them to death in absentia for bringing the Empire into World War I and organizing massacres against Greeks and Armenians. Enver ended up in Central Asia, where he was killed leading the Basmachi Revolt against the Bolsheviks. In 1996, his remains were reburied in Turkey. Enver was subsequently rehabilitated by Turkish president Süleyman Demirel, who praised his contributions to Turkish nationalism.
As Enver rose through the ranks of the military, he was known by increasingly esteemed titles, including Enver Efendi (انور افندی), Enver Bey (انور بك), and finally Enver Pasha. "Pasha" was the honorary title granted to Ottoman military officers upon promotion to the rank of Mirliva (major general).
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The guilty main architects of the genocide Talaat Pasaha [...] and Enver Pasha...
Enver Pasha, Mehmet Talat, and Ahmed Djemal were the three men who headed the CUP. They ran the Ottoman administration during World War I and planned the Armenian genocide.
The new ruling triumvirate – Minister of Internal Affairs Talat Pasha; Minister of War Enver Pasha; and Minister of Navy Jemal Pasha – quickly established a de facto dictatorship. Under the rubric of the so-called Special Organization of the CUP, they directed, this trio would plan and oversee the Armenian genocide...
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