Environmental impact of fashion

Part of a series on
Clothing and the environment
Environmental impact of fashion
Key issues Cotton industry Fast fashion Fur trade Global trade of secondhand clothing Microplastics Textile performance
By type Cashmere Fur farming Leather
Sustainability Anti-fashion Biodegradable athletic footwear Circular fashion Clothing swap Cotton recycling Green textile Organic cotton Reconstructed clothing Slow fashion Sustainable fashion Textile recycling Sustainability of vintage fashion Trashion Zero-waste fashion
Related RiverBlue The True Cost Environmental record of Nike Ecological design Laundry wastewater Vintage clothing
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The fashion industry, particularly manufacture and use of apparel and footwear, is a significant driver of greenhouse gas emissions and plastic pollution.^[1] The rapid growth of fast fashion has led to around 80 billion items of clothing being consumed annually, with about 85% of clothes consumed in United States being sent to landfill.^[2]

Less than one percent of clothing is recycled to make new clothes.^[3] The industry was estimated to produce 10% of all greenhouse gas emissions in 2020, which was larger than the emissions produced by international flights and maritime shipping combined. According to a 2017 report from the Ellen MacArthur Foundation, if the fashion sector persists on its same trajectory, its share of global carbon emissions could increase to 26% by 2050.^[4][5][6] The production and distribution of the crops, fibers, and garments used in fashion all contribute to differing forms of environmental pollution, including water, air, and soil degradation.^{[citation needed]} The textile industry is the second greatest polluter of local freshwater in the world,^[7] and is culpable for roughly one-fifth of all industrial water pollution.^[8] Some of the main factors that contribute to this industrial caused pollution are the vast overproduction of fashion items,^{[citation needed]} the use of synthetic fibers, the agriculture pollution of fashion crops,^[9] and the proliferation of microfibers across global water sources.^[3]

Efforts have been made by some retailers and consumers to promote sustainable fashion practices, such as reducing waste, improving energy and water efficiency, and using primarily eco-friendly materials. Counter movements, such as slow fashion, have also developed as a response to the growth of fast fashion.^{[citation needed]}