Equine influenza

Equine influenza (horse flu) is the disease caused by strains of influenza A that are enzootic in horse species. Equine influenza occurs globally, previously caused by two main strains of virus: equine-1 (H7N7) and equine-2 (H3N8).^[1] The World Organisation for Animal Health now considers H7N7 strains likely to be extinct since these strains have not been isolated for over 20 years.^[2] Predominant international circulating H3N8 strains are Florida sublineage of the American lineage; clade 1 predominates in the Americas and clade 2 in Europe. (Elton and Cullinane, 2013;^[3] Paillot, 2014;^[2] Slater et al., 2013^[4]). The disease has a nearly 100% infection rate in an unvaccinated horse population with no prior exposure to the virus.^[5]

While equine influenza is historically not known to affect humans, impacts of past outbreaks have been devastating due to the economic reliance on horses for communication (postal service), military (cavalry), and general transportation. In modern times the ramifications of equine influenza are most clear in the horse-racing industry.

^ "Equine Influenza". www.aaep.org. Archived from the original on 2016-03-10. Retrieved 2016-12-04.
^ ^a ^b Paillot, Romain (2014). "A Systematic Review of Recent Advances in Equine Influenza Vaccination". Vaccines. 2 (4): 797–831. doi:10.3390/vaccines2040797. PMC 4494246. PMID 26344892.
^ Equine influenza: Antigenic drift and implications for vaccines D. Elton, A. Cullinane 14 October 2013, BEVA, Equine Veterinary Journal, onlinelibrary.wiley.com, accessed 12 February 2019
^ Report of the International Equine Influenza Roundtable Expert Meeting at Le Touquet, Normandy, February 2013 (J. Slater, K. Borchers, T. Chambers, A. Cullinane, V. Duggan, D. Elton, L. Legrand, R. Paillot, G. Fortier) 21 August 2014 BEVA, Equine Veterinary Journal, onlinelibrary.wiley.com, accessed 12 February 2019
^ "About of Equine influenza | Definition of Equine influenza - Viral Infections Blog Articles". viralinfections.info. Archived from the original on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2016-12-04.

[auto-1] "Equine Influenza". www.aaep.org. Archived from the original on 2016-03-10. Retrieved 2016-12-04.

[Paillot2014-2] Paillot, Romain (2014). "A Systematic Review of Recent Advances in Equine Influenza Vaccination". Vaccines. 2 (4): 797–831. doi:10.3390/vaccines2040797. PMC 4494246. PMID 26344892.

[3] Equine influenza: Antigenic drift and implications for vaccines D. Elton, A. Cullinane 14 October 2013, BEVA, Equine Veterinary Journal, onlinelibrary.wiley.com, accessed 12 February 2019

[4] Report of the International Equine Influenza Roundtable Expert Meeting at Le Touquet, Normandy, February 2013 (J. Slater, K. Borchers, T. Chambers, A. Cullinane, V. Duggan, D. Elton, L. Legrand, R. Paillot, G. Fortier) 21 August 2014 BEVA, Equine Veterinary Journal, onlinelibrary.wiley.com, accessed 12 February 2019

[5] "About of Equine influenza | Definition of Equine influenza - Viral Infections Blog Articles". viralinfections.info. Archived from the original on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2016-12-04.

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