European Parliament political group
Europe of Freedom and Democracy (EFD ) was a far-right ,[ 11] [ 12] [ 13] [ 14] Eurosceptic political group that operated in the European Parliament from 2009 to 2014.[ 15] [ 16] [ 17] [ 18] It was composed of 34 MEPs and it existed during the European Parliament's 7th and 8th terms. After 2011, EFD had a loose relationship with the Movement for a Europe of Liberties and Democracy political party.
Ideologically, EFD was strongly opposed to European integration, conservative , and right-wing populist .[ 19] Its members included parties such as the UK Independence Party and Lega Nord . Founded as a merger of the Independence/Democracy (IND/DEM) and Union for Europe of the Nations after the 2009 European Parliament election , EFD was more nationalistic and strongly opposed to immigration than its main predecessor, IND/DEM.[ 9] In the aftermath of the 2014 European Parliament election , EFD became the Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy (EFDD) group, though only two EFD parties continued their membership in the EFDD.
^ Willis, Andrew (1 July 2009). "New eurosceptic group to campaign against EU treaty in Irish referendum" . EU Observer . Retrieved 16 June 2012 .
^ "UKIP forms new Eurosceptic group". BBC. 1 July 2009.
^ a b Cite error: The named reference E2009SBGET
was invoked but never defined (see the help page ).
^ a b Andreas Staab (2011). The European Union Explained, Second Edition: Institutions, Actors, Global Impact . Indiana University Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-253-00164-1 .
^ a b Nordsieck, Wolfram (2013). "European Union" . Parties and Elections in Europe . Archived from the original on 7 December 2013.
^ "[Investigation] Far-right MEPs least disciplined in following party line" . EUobserver . 26 February 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024 .
^ Alessi, Christopher (18 November 2013). "Populist Bloc Fails to Change Agenda in European Politics" . Der Spiegel . Retrieved 7 April 2024 .
^ Müller, Manuel (27 May 2014). "After the European elections" . Green European Journal . Retrieved 7 April 2024 .
^ a b c David Phinnemore; Lee McGowan (2013). A Dictionary of the European Union . Routledge. p. 189. ISBN 978-1-135-08127-0 .
^ Phillips, Leigh (30 June 2009). "Ukip, Lega Nord form hard-right bloc in EU Parliament" . EU Observer . Retrieved 16 June 2012 .
^ Far-right MEPs form group in European Parliament , euractiv.com
^ Roy H. Ginsberg, Demystifying the European Union: The Enduring Logic of Regional Integration , p. 170, Rowman & Littlefield , 2010, ISBN 0742566927
^ Rob Ford, Matthew J. Goodwin, Voting for Extremists , passim, Taylor & Francis , ISBN 041569051X
^ Kietz, Daniela; von Ondarza, Nicolai (February 2014), Eurosceptics in the European Parliament: Isolated and Divided in Brussels but Driving National Debates (PDF) , SWP Comments, German Institute for International and Security Affairs, p. 2
^ John Peterson; Michael Shackleton (2012). The Institutions of the European Union . Oxford University Press. p. 341. ISBN 978-0-19-957498-8 . Retrieved 7 August 2013 .
^ Marie-Claire Considère-Charon (2010). "Irish MEPs in an enlarged Europe" . In Christophe Gillissen (ed.). Ireland: Looking East . Peter Lang. p. 158. ISBN 978-90-5201-652-8 .
^ Paul T. Levin (2011). "Appendix" . Turkey and the European Union: Christian and Secular Images of Islam . Palgrave Macmillan. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-230-11957-4 .
^ Nicholas Aylott; Magnus Blomgren; Torbjorn Bergman (2013). Political Parties in Multi-Level Polities: The Nordic Countries Compared . Palgrave Macmillan. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-137-31554-0 .
^ Giovanni Moro (2013). "Conclusions: the way forward" . In Giovanni Moro (ed.). The Single Currency and European Citizenship: Unveiling the Other Side of The Coin . A&C Black. p. 253. ISBN 978-1-62356-095-9 .