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Europe of Freedom and Democracy

Europe of Freedom and Democracy
European Parliament group
Europe of Freedom and Democracy Group logo
NameEurope of Freedom and Democracy[1][2]
English abbr.EFD[3]
French abbr.ELD
Formal nameEurope of Freedom and Democracy Group[3]
Ideology
Political positionRight-wing to far-right
European partiesMovement for a Europe of Liberties and Democracy
From1 July 2009 (de facto)[9]
To24 June 2014
Preceded byIndependence/Democracy
Succeeded byEurope of Freedom and Direct Democracy
Chaired byNigel Farage (UKIP)
Francesco Speroni (LN)
MEP(s)34
Websitewww.efdgroup.eu

Europe of Freedom and Democracy (EFD) was a Eurosceptic political group in the European Parliament.[10][11][12][13] The group was formed following the 2009 European parliamentary election, mostly composed of elements of the Independence/Democracy (IND/DEM) and Union for a Europe of Nations (UEN) groups that had existed during the 6th European Parliament. The group had a loose relationship with Movement for a Europe of Liberties and Democracy (MELD), a European political party founded in 2011.

The EFD was a coalition of ten political parties – the largest being the UK Independence Party (UKIP) with eleven seats and the Italian Lega Nord, with nine seats – along with one independent. The EFD is hostile to further European integration,[14] and more nationalistic and anti-immigration than its main predecessor IND/DEM.[15] The EFD was considered to belong on the right-wing[16][17][11] to far-right[18][19][20][21] of the political spectrum.

On 24 June 2014 EFD group became Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy (EFDD) for the 8th European Parliament, with the continuing membership of just two of the eleven political parties that formed EFD.

  1. ^ Willis, Andrew (1 July 2009). "New eurosceptic group to campaign against EU treaty in Irish referendum". EU Observer. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
  2. ^ "UKIP forms new Eurosceptic group". BBC. 1 July 2009.
  3. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference E2009SBGET was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ a b Andreas Staab (2011). The European Union Explained, Second Edition: Institutions, Actors, Global Impact. Indiana University Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-253-00164-1.
  5. ^ a b Nordsieck, Wolfram (2013). "European Union". Parties and Elections in Europe. Archived from the original on 7 December 2013.
  6. ^ "[Investigation] Far-right MEPs least disciplined in following party line". EUobserver. 26 February 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  7. ^ Alessi, Christopher (18 November 2013). "Populist Bloc Fails to Change Agenda in European Politics". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  8. ^ Müller, Manuel (27 May 2014). "After the European elections". Green European Journal. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  9. ^ Phillips, Leigh (30 June 2009). "Ukip, Lega Nord form hard-right bloc in EU Parliament". EU Observer. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
  10. ^ John Peterson; Michael Shackleton (2012). The Institutions of the European Union. Oxford University Press. p. 341. ISBN 978-0-19-957498-8. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  11. ^ a b Marie-Claire Considère-Charon (2010). "Irish MEPs in an enlarged Europe". In Christophe Gillissen (ed.). Ireland: Looking East. Peter Lang. p. 158. ISBN 978-90-5201-652-8.
  12. ^ Paul T. Levin (2011). "Appendix". Turkey and the European Union: Christian and Secular Images of Islam. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-230-11957-4.
  13. ^ Nicholas Aylott; Magnus Blomgren; Torbjorn Bergman (2013). Political Parties in Multi-Level Polities: The Nordic Countries Compared. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-137-31554-0.
  14. ^ Giovanni Moro (2013). "Conclusions: the way forward". In Giovanni Moro (ed.). The Single Currency and European Citizenship: Unveiling the Other Side of The Coin. A&C Black. p. 253. ISBN 978-1-62356-095-9.
  15. ^ David Phinnemore; Lee McGowan (2013). A Dictionary of the European Union. Routledge. p. 189. ISBN 978-1-135-08127-0.
  16. ^ Gilles Ivaldi (2011), "The Populist Radical Right in European Elections 1979–2009", The Extreme Right in Europe: Current Trends and Perspectives, Vandenhoeck & Ruprect, p. 19
  17. ^ Thomas Jansen; Steven Van Hecke (2011), At Europe's Service: The Origins and Evolution of the European People's Party, Springer, p. 229
  18. ^ Far-right MEPs form group in European Parliament, euractiv.com
  19. ^ Roy H. Ginsberg, Demystifying the European Union: The Enduring Logic of Regional Integration, p. 170, Rowman & Littlefield, 2010, ISBN 0742566927
  20. ^ Rob Ford, Matthew J. Goodwin, Voting for Extremists, passim, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 041569051X
  21. ^ Kietz, Daniela; von Ondarza, Nicolai (February 2014), Eurosceptics in the European Parliament: Isolated and Divided in Brussels but Driving National Debates (PDF), SWP Comments, German Institute for International and Security Affairs, p. 2

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