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Explanatory combinatorial dictionary

An explanatory combinatorial dictionary (ECD) is a type of monolingual dictionary designed to be part of a meaning-text linguistic model of a natural language.[1][2][3] It is intended to be a complete record of the lexicon of a given language.[4] As such, it identifies and describes, in separate entries, each of the language's lexemes (roughly speaking, each word or set of inflected forms based on a single stem) and phrasemes (roughly speaking, idioms and other multi-word fixed expressions). Among other things, each entry contains (1) a definition that incorporates a lexeme's semantic actants (for example, the definiendum of give takes the form X gives Y to Z, where its three actants are expressed — the giver X, the thing given Y, and the person given to, Z) (2) complete information on lexical co-occurrence (e.g. the entry for attack tells you that one of its collocations is launch an attack, the entry for party provides throw a party, and the entry for lecture provides deliver a lecture — enabling the user to avoid making an error like *deliver a party); (3) an extensive set of examples. The ECD is a production dictionary — that is, it aims to provide all the information needed for a foreign learner or automaton to produce perfectly formed utterances of the language. Since the lexemes and phrasemes of a natural language number in the hundreds of thousands, a complete ECD, in paper form, would occupy the space of a large encyclopaedia. Such a work has yet to be achieved; while ECDs of Russian and French have been published, each describes less than one percent of the vocabulary of the respective languages.

The ECD was proposed in the late 1960s by Aleksandr Žolkovskij and Igor Mel'čuk[5][6][7] and was later further developed by Jurij Apresjan.[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] Three ECDs are currently available in print, one for Russian,[17] and two for French.[18][19] A dictionary of Spanish collocations—DICE (= Diccionario de colocaciones del español)—is under development.[20][21]

  1. ^ Mel’čuk, Igor A. (2006). Explanatory Combinatorial Dictionary. In Giandomenico Sica (ed.), Open Problems in Linguistics and Lexicography, 225–355. Monza: Polimetrica
  2. ^ Pearson, Jennifer. 1998 Terms in Context. Amsterdam: John Benjamins 76–82.
  3. ^ Fontenelle, Thierry. (2008) Using a bilingual dictionary to create semantic networks. In Thierry Fontenelle (ed.), Practical Lexicography: A reader, 175. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  4. ^ Frawley, William. (1988). New Forms of Specialized Dictionaries. International Journal of Lexicography 1, 189–213.
  5. ^ Žolkovskij, Aleksandr; Igor A. Mel’čuk (1965). "O vozmožnom metode i instrumentax semantičeskogo sinteza [On a Possible Method and Tools for Semantic Synthesis]". Naučno-texničeskaja informacija. 5: 23–28.
  6. ^ Žolkovskij, Aleksandr; Igor A. Mel’čuk (1966). "O sisteme semantičeskogo sinteza. I. Stroenie slovarja [On a System for Semantic Synthesis. I. Structure of the Dictionary]". Naučno-texničeskaja informacija. 11: 48–55.
  7. ^ Žolkovskij, Aleksandr; Igor A. Mel’čuk (1967). "O semantičeskom sinteze [On Semantic Synthesis]". Problemy Kibernetiki. 19: 177–238.
  8. ^ Apresjan, Jurij (1969). "Tolkovanie leksičeskix značenij kak problema teoretičeskoj semantiki [Definition of Lexical Meanings as a Problem of Theoretical Semantics]". Izvestija Akademii Nauk SSSR, Serija Lit. I Jazyka. 28: 11–23.
  9. ^ Apresjan, Jurij (1969). "O jazyke dlja opisanija značenij slov [On a Language for the Description of Lexical Meanings]". Izvestija Akademii Nauk SSSR, Serija Lit. I Jazyka. 28: 415–428.
  10. ^ Apresjan, Jurij (1974). Leksičeskaja semantika. Sinonimičeskie sredstva jazyka [Lexical Semantics. Synonymic Means of the Language]. Moscow: Nauka.
  11. ^ Apresjan, Jurij (1980). Tipy informacii dlja poverxnostno-semantičeskogo komponenta modeli Smysl ⇔ Tekst [Types of Information for the Surface-Semantic Component of the Meaning-Text Model]. Vienna: Wiener Slawistischer Almanach.
  12. ^ Apresjan, Juirj (1988). Karaulov, Jurij (ed.). "Morfologičeskaja informacija dlja tolkovogo slovarja [Morphological Information in a Monolingual Dictionary]". Slovarnye Kategorii. Moscow: Nauka: 31–59.
  13. ^ Apresjan, Jurij (1988). "Tipy kommunikativnoj informacii dlja tolkovogo slovarja [Types of Communicative Information for a Monolingual Dictionary]". Jazyk: Sistema I Funkcionirovanie. Moscow: Nauka: 10–22.
  14. ^ Apresjan, Jurij (1990). "Tipy leksikografičeskoj informacii ob označajuščem leksemy [Types of Lexicographic Information on a Lexeme's Signifier]". Tipologija I Grammatika. Moscow: Nauka: 91–108.
  15. ^ Apresjan, Jurij (1990). "Formal´naja model´ jazyka i predstavlenie leksikografičeskix znanij [A Formal Model of Language and Representation of Lexicographic Knowledge]". IVoprosy Jazykoznanija. 6: 91–108.
  16. ^ Apresjan, Jurij (1995). Izbrannye trudy. Tom II. Integral´noe opisanie jazyka i sistemnaja leksikografija [Selected Writings. Vol II. An Integral Linguistic Description and Systemic Lexicography]. Moscow: Škola «Jazyki russkoj kul´tury».
  17. ^ Mel’čuk, Igor A.; Alexander Zholkovsky (1984). Explanatory Combinatorial Dictionary of Modern Russian. Semantico-syntactic Studies of Russian Vocabulary. Vienna: Wiener Slawistischer Almanach.
  18. ^ Mel’čuk, Igor A.; Arbatchewsky-Jumarie, N.; Iordanskaja, Lida; Mantha, S.; Polguère, Alain (1999). Dictionnaire explicatif et combinatoire du français contemporain. Recherches lexico-sémantiques IV. Montréal: Les Presses de l’Université de Montréal.
  19. ^ Mel’čuk, Igor A.; Alain Polguère (2007). Lexique actif du français: L'apprentissage du vocabulaire fondé sur 20000 dérivations sémantiques et collocations du français. Paris: Duculot.
  20. ^ Alonso Ramos, Margarita (2003). Fernández Montraveta, A.; A. Martí Antonin; G. Vásquez García (eds.). "Hacia un diccionario de colocacionnes del español y su codificación". Lexicografía computacional y semántica. Barcelona: Universidad de Barcelona: 11–34.
  21. ^ Alonso Ramos, Margarita (2004). Bataner, P. & J. DeCesaris García (ed.). "Elaboración del Diccionario de colocaciones del español y sus aplicaciones". De lexicografia: Actes del I Symposium internacional de lexicografia, Barcelona: IULA: 149–162.

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