In feminist economics, the feminization of agriculture refers to the measurable increase of women's participation in the agricultural sector, particularly in the developing world.[1][2] The phenomenon started during the 1960s with increasing shares over time. In the 1990s, during liberalization, the phenomenon became more pronounced and negative effects appeared in the rural female population.[2] Afterwards, agricultural markets became gendered institutions, affecting men and women differently. In 2009 World Bank, FAO & IFAD found that over 80 per cent of rural smallholder farmers worldwide were women, this was caused by men migrating to find work in other sectors.[3][4] Out of all the women in the labor sector, the UN found 45-80% of them to be working in agriculture[5]
The term has also been applied to other phenomena, including increasing shares of women in the agricultural workforce, male outmigration from rural areas, decreasing women's opportunities in agricultural productivity, and lower rural pay due to skill exclusions.[6] Activists have argued that the trend is dangerous and leads to food insecurity.[7]
- ^ "Gender | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations". www.fao.org.
- ^ a b Deere, 2009 p. 99
- ^ Robinson-Pant, Anna (2016). Learning knowledge and skills for agriculture to improve rural livelihoods (PDF). UNESCO. p. 30. ISBN 978-92-3-100169-7.
- ^ World Bank, FAO & IFAD. 2009. Gender in agriculture sourcebook. Washington, DC. World Bank.
- ^ "WomenWatch: Women, Gender Equality and Climate Change". www.un.org.
- ^ Whitehead, 2009 p.45
- ^ ActionAid 2010
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