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Fire is the rapid oxidation of a fuel in the exothermic chemical process of combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reaction products.[1][a] Flames, the most visible portion of the fire, are produced in the combustion reaction when the fuel reaches its ignition point. Flames from hydrocarbon fuels consist primarily of carbon dioxide, water vapor, oxygen, and nitrogen. If hot enough, the gases may become ionized to produce plasma.[2] The color and intensity of the flame depend on the type of fuel and composition of the surrounding gases.[3]
Fire, in its most common form, has the potential to result in conflagration, which can lead to permanent physical damage. It directly impacts land-based ecological systems worldwide. The positive effects of fire include stimulating plant growth and maintaining ecological balance. Its negative effects include hazards to life and property, atmospheric pollution, and water contamination.[4] When fire removes protective vegetation, heavy rainfall can cause soil erosion.[5] The burning of vegetation releases nitrogen into the atmosphere, unlike other plant nutrients such as potassium and phosphorus which remain in the ash and are quickly recycled into the soil.[6][7] This loss of nitrogen produces a long-term reduction in the fertility of the soil, though it can be recovered by nitrogen-fixing plants such as clover, peas, and beans; by decomposition of animal waste and corpses, and by natural phenomena such as lightning.
Fire is one of the four classical elements and has been used by humans in rituals, in agriculture for clearing land, for cooking, generating heat and light, for signaling, propulsion purposes, smelting, forging, incineration of waste, cremation, and as a weapon or mode of destruction. Various technologies and strategies have been devised to prevent, manage, mitigate, and extinguish fires, with professional firefighters playing a leading role.
- ^ "Glossary of Wildland Fire Terminology" (PDF). National Wildfire Coordinating Group. October 2007. p. 70. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-08-21. Retrieved 2008-12-18.
- ^ Fukuyama, Takao; Mukai, Nodoka; Togawa, Gaku (1 November 2019). "Dynamic behaviours of a flame as plasma in a strong electric field". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 15811. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-50537-x. hdl:10069/39515.
- ^ "Flame Colors as Chemical Indicators". Archived from the original on 2014-10-07. Retrieved 2014-04-01.
- ^ Lentile, Leigh B.; Holden, Zachary A.; Smith, Alistair M. S.; Falkowski, Michael J.; Hudak, Andrew T.; Morgan, Penelope; Lewis, Sarah A.; Gessler, Paul E.; Benson, Nate C (2006). "Remote sensing techniques to assess active fire characteristics and post-fire effects". International Journal of Wildland Fire. 3 (15): 319–345. doi:10.1071/WF05097. S2CID 724358.
- ^ Morris, S. E.; Moses, T. A. (1987). "Forest Fire and the Natural Soil Erosion Regime in the Colorado Front Range". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 77 (2): 245–54. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1987.tb00156.x. ISSN 0004-5608.
- ^ "SCIENCE WATCH; Burning Plants Adding to Nitrogen". The New York Times. 1990-08-14. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2024-05-27. Retrieved 2023-11-02.
- ^ "How Do Wildfires Affect Soil? - Applied Earth Sciences". 2019-11-12. Archived from the original on 2024-05-27. Retrieved 2023-11-02.
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