First Chechen War

First Chechen War
Part of the Chechen–Russian conflict, the Russo-Caucasian conflict, the Wars in the Caucasus and post-Soviet conflicts
A Russian Mil Mi-8 helicopter brought down by Chechen fighters near the Chechen capital of Grozny in 1994.
Date 11 December 1994 – 31 August 1996 (1 year, 8 months, 2 weeks and 6 days) Location Chechnya and parts of Ingushetia, Stavropol Krai and Dagestan, Russia Territorial changes Chechen Republic of Ichkeria becomes an independent state
Belligerents
Chechen Republic of Ichkeria Foreign volunteers: Foreign Mujahideen[1][2][3][4] UNA-UNSO[5] Grey Wolves[6][7][8][9]	Russian Government Loyalist opposition
Commanders and leaders
Dzhokhar Dudayev X Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev Aslan Maskhadov Ruslan Gelayev Shamil Basayev Aslambek Abdulkhadzhiev Ruslan Alikhadzhiyev Vakha Arsanov Salman Raduyev Lecha Khultygov Turpal-Ali Atgeriyev Akhmed Zakayev Dokka Umarov Khunkar-Pasha Israpilov Ramzan Akhmadov Akhmad Kadyrov Ibn Al-Khattab Oleksandr Muzychko	Boris Yeltsin Pavel Grachev Anatoly Kulikov Vladimir Shamanov[10] Anatoly Shkirko [ru] Anatoly Kvashnin Anatoly Romanov Konstantin Pulikovsky Nikolay-Skrypnik [ru] † Viktor Vorobyov [ru] † Doku Zavgayev Ruslan Labazanov
Units involved
Various militia forces	Russian Armed Forces
Strength
1,000 (1994)[11] Approx. 6,000 (late 1994)[12] 200[13]	23,800 (1994)[14] 70,509 (1995)[15]
Casualties and losses
Official estimates: 2,500–2,800 killed and missing[16] Independent estimates: Approx. 3,000+ killed[a] (Nezavisimaya Gazeta)[17] 3,000 killed (Memorial)[18] 4[b] [citation needed]	Russian official estimate: 5,552 soldiers killed or missing 16,098-18,000 wounded[19] Independent estimates: 14,000 killed (CSMR) 9,000+ killed or missing up to 52,000 wounded (Time)[20] 4,379 killed 703 missing 705 deserted (Memorial)[21] 5,391 killed and missing (Milyukov & Norin)[22]
100,000–130,000 civilians killed (Bonner)[23] 80,000–100,000 civilians killed (Human rights groups estimate)[24][25] 30,000–40,000+ civilians killed (RFSSS data)[26] At least 161 civilians killed outside Chechnya[c] 500,000+ civilians displaced[citation needed]

The First Chechen War, also referred to as the First Russo-Chechen War, was a struggle for independence waged by the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria against the invading Russian Federation from 1994 to 1996. After a mutually agreed on treaty and terms, the Russians withdrew until they invaded again three years later, in the Second Chechen War of 1999–2000.

During the dissolution of the Soviet Union in late 1991, Chechnya came under the control of a secessionist regime led by Dzhokhar Dudayev. Russian president Boris Yeltsin supported anti-Dudayev militias until 1994, when he launched a military operation to "establish constitutional order in Chechnya". Thousands of Chechen civilians were killed in aerial bombings and urban warfare before Grozny was captured in March 1995, but a Russian victory was denied as efforts to establish control over the remaining lowlands and mountainous regions of Chechnya were met with fierce resistance and frequent surprise raids by Chechen guerrillas. Despite the killing of Dudayev in a Russian airstrike in April 1996, the recapture of Grozny by separatists in August brought about the Khasavyurt Accord ceasefire and Russia–Chechnya Peace Treaty in 1997.

The official Russian estimate of Russian military deaths was 6,000, but according to other estimates, the number of Russian military deaths was as high as 14,000.^[27] According to various estimates, the number of Chechen military deaths was approximately 3,000–10,000,^[17] the number of Chechen civilian deaths was between 30,000 and 100,000. Over 200,000 Chechen civilians may have been injured, more than 500,000 people were displaced, and cities and villages were reduced to rubble across the republic.^[28]

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