Food irradiation

Food irradiation (sometimes radurization or radurisation) is the process of exposing food and food packaging to ionizing radiation, such as from gamma rays, x-rays, or electron beams.^[1][2][3] Food irradiation improves food safety and extends product shelf life (preservation) by effectively destroying organisms responsible for spoilage and foodborne illness, inhibits sprouting or ripening, and is a means of controlling insects and invasive pests.^[1][3]

In the US, consumer perception of foods treated with irradiation is more negative than those processed by other means.^[4] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the World Health Organization (WHO), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) have performed studies that confirm irradiation to be safe.^{[1][5][6][7][8]} In order for a food to be irradiated in the US, the FDA will still require that the specific food be thoroughly tested for irradiation safety.^[9]

Food irradiation is permitted in over 60 countries, and about 500,000 metric tons of food are processed annually worldwide.^[10] The regulations for how food is to be irradiated, as well as the foods allowed to be irradiated, vary greatly from country to country. In Austria, Germany, and many other countries of the European Union only dried herbs, spices, and seasonings can be processed with irradiation and only at a specific dose, while in Brazil all foods are allowed at any dose.^{[11][12][13][14][15]}