Frame analysis

Frame analysis (also called framing analysis) is a multi-disciplinary social science research method used to analyze how people understand situations and activities. Frame analysis looks at images, stereotypes, metaphors, actors, messages, and more. It examines how important these factors are and how and why they are chosen.^[1] The concept is generally attributed to the work of Erving Goffman and his 1974 book Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience and has been developed in social movement theory, policy studies and elsewhere.^[2]

Framing theory and frame analysis is a broad theoretical approach that has been used in communication studies, news (Johnson-Cartee, 1995), politics, and social movements among other applications. "Framing is the process by which a communication source, such as a news organization, defines and constructs a political issue or public controversy" (Nelson, Oxley, & Clawson, 1997, p. 221).^[3] It is related to the concept of agenda-setting. Framing influences how people interpret or process information.^[4] This can set an agenda. However, frame analysis goes beyond agenda-setting by examining the issues rather than the topics.^[4]

Frame analysis is usually done in regard to news media. However, framing is inevitable, as everyone does it.^[4] It can speed up the process of interpretation as well as writing and presenting the news.^[5] People just may not realize they are using frames.^[4] When people are aware that they are using framing, there are several techniques that can be used. These may include: metaphor, stories, tradition, slogan, jargon, catchphrase, artifact, contrast or spin.^[1]