Freediving blackout

Freediving blackout, breath-hold blackout,^[1] or apnea blackout is a class of hypoxic blackout, a loss of consciousness caused by cerebral hypoxia towards the end of a breath-hold (freedive or dynamic apnea) dive, when the swimmer does not necessarily experience an urgent need to breathe and has no other obvious medical condition that might have caused it. It can be provoked by hyperventilating just before a dive, or as a consequence of the pressure reduction on ascent, or a combination of these. Victims are often established practitioners of breath-hold diving, are fit, strong swimmers and have not experienced problems before.^[2]^[3]^[4] Blackout may also be referred to as a syncope or fainting.

Divers and swimmers who black out or grey out underwater during a dive will usually drown unless rescued and resuscitated within a short time.^[5] Freediving blackout has a high fatality rate, and mostly involves males younger than 40 years, but is generally avoidable. Risk cannot be quantified, but is clearly increased by any level of hyperventilation.^[6]

Freediving blackout can occur on any dive profile: at constant depth, on an ascent from depth, or at the surface following ascent from depth and may be described by a number of terms depending on the dive profile and depth at which consciousness is lost. Blackout during a shallow dive differs from blackout during ascent from a deep dive in that blackout during ascent is precipitated by depressurisation on ascent from depth while blackout in consistently shallow water is a consequence of hypocapnia following hyperventilation.^[4]^[7]

^ Cite error: The named reference Boyd et al 2015 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Brubakk was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference dan was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference shallow1968 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Lane 2017 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Pearn et al 2015 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference deep1996 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Boyd_et_al_2015-1] Cite error: The named reference Boyd et al 2015 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Brubakk-2] Cite error: The named reference Brubakk was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[dan-3] Cite error: The named reference dan was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[shallow1968-4] Cite error: The named reference shallow1968 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Lane_2017-5] Cite error: The named reference Lane 2017 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Pearn_et_al_2015-6] Cite error: The named reference Pearn et al 2015 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[deep1996-7] Cite error: The named reference deep1996 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]