French ship Vengeur du Peuple

Model of Vengeur du Peuple as Marseillois, on display at the Musée de la Marine et de l'Économie de Marseille.
History
France
Name	Marseillois (1766–94) Vengeur du Peuple (1794–94)
Namesake	Chamber of commerce of Marseille "Avenger of the People"
Ordered	16 January 1762[1]
Builder	Toulon shipyard, plan by Coulomb and building by Chapelle[2]
Laid down	February 1763[3]
Launched	16 July 1766[3]
In service	November 1767[3]
Fate	Sunk on 1 June 1794 during the Glorious First of June
General characteristics
Displacement	1550 tonnes[3]
Length	54.28 metres (178.1 ft)[2]
Beam	13.98 metres (45.9 ft)[2]
Draught	6.83 metres (22.4 ft)[2]
Sail plan	Full-rigged ship
Complement	731 men[4] (1778–1779 campaign): 9 officers, one surgeon, one priest 8 naval guards[5]
Armament	74 guns:[2] Lower battery: 28 × 36-pounders Upper battery: 30 × 18-pounders Quarterdeck: 10 × 8-pounders Forecastle: 6 × 6-pounders
Armour	Timber

Vengeur du Peuple ("Avenger of the People") was a 74-gun ship of the line of the French Navy. Funded by a don des vaisseaux donation from the Chamber of Commerce of Marseille, she was launched in 1766 as the Marseillois.^{[Note 1]}

She took part in the naval operations in the American Revolutionary War in Admiral d'Estaing's squadron, duelling Preston in a single-ship action on 11 August 1778, taking part in the Battle of the Chesapeake where she duelled HMS Intrepid, and supporting the flagship Ville de Paris at the Battle of the Saintes. She also took part in the Battle of Saint Kitts.

After the loss of the 74-gun French ship Vengeur (launched 1789) in June 1793, the 28-year-old Marsellois was renamed Vengeur du Peuple in February 1794^{[Note 2]} and under that name she took part in the Battle of the Glorious First of June. There, she was disabled after a furious duel with HMS Brunswick and surrendered after losing hope of being rescued by a French ship. After a few hours, as British ships were beginning rescue operations, she listed and foundered, taking almost half her crew with her. Thus she only bore the name Vengeur du Peuple for a few weeks compared with her 28 years of service as the Marsellois.

The sinking of Vengeur du Peuple was used as propaganda by the National Convention and Bertrand Barère, who gave birth to the legend that the crew had gone down with the ship fighting, rather than surrender. The Scottish historian Thomas Carlyle repeated the tale in his The French Revolution: A History, yielding a rebuttal by Rear-Admiral John Griffiths, who had witnessed the events. Although discredited in naval history circles, the legend lived on as a folk tale, inspiring numerous representations and a fictional account by Jules Verne in his 1870 novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas.

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