GDF15

GDF15
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	5VT2, 5VZ3, 5VZ4, 6Q2J
Identifiers
Aliases	GDF15, GDF-15, MIC-1, MIC1, NAG-1, PDF, PLAB, PTGFB, growth differentiation factor 15, TGF-PL
External IDs	OMIM: 605312; MGI: 1346047; HomoloGene: 3576; GeneCards: GDF15; OMA:GDF15 - orthologs
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 19 (human)
End	18,389,176 bp
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	Chromosome 8 (mouse)
End	71,085,106 bp
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	placenta; ; beta cell; ; mucosa of urinary bladder; ; human kidney; ; body of pancreas; ; renal medulla; ; olfactory zone of nasal mucosa; ; decidua; ; stromal cell of endometrium; ; rectum;
	Top expressed in
	stroma of bone marrow; ; endothelial cell of lymphatic vessel; ; calvaria; ; left lobe of liver; ; right kidney; ; embryo; ; proximal tubule; ; embryo; ; human kidney; ; lacrimal gland;
	More reference expression data
	More reference expression data
Gene ontology
Molecular function	transforming growth factor beta receptor binding; growth factor activity; protein binding; cytokine activity; protein homodimerization activity;
Cellular component	extracellular region; extracellular exosome; nucleus; cytoplasm; extracellular space; Golgi apparatus; collagen-containing extracellular matrix;
Biological process	regulation of apoptotic process; cell-cell signaling; positive regulation of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation; positive regulation of myoblast fusion; regulation of MAPK cascade; transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway; cell development; signal transduction; BMP signaling pathway; SMAD protein signal transduction; regulation of signaling receptor activity; reduction of food intake in response to dietary excess; glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway; negative regulation of multicellular organism growth; positive regulation of MAPK cascade; positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling; negative regulation of growth hormone receptor signaling pathway;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	9518
	23886
	ENSG00000130513
	ENSMUSG00000038508
	Q99988
	Q9Z0J7
	NM_004864
	NM_011819; NM_001330687
	NP_004855
	NP_001317616; NP_035949
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

Growth/differentiation factor 15 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GDF15 gene. GDF15 was first identified as Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 or MIC-1.^[5]

It is a protein belonging to the transforming growth factor beta superfamily. Under normal conditions, GDF15 is expressed in low concentrations in most organs and upregulated because of injury of organs such as liver, kidney, heart and lung.^[6]^[7]^[8]

^ ^a ^b ^c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000130513 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ ^a ^b ^c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000038508 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ Bootcov MR, Bauskin AR, Valenzuela SM, Moore AG, Bansal M, He XY, et al. (October 1997). "MIC-1, a novel macrophage inhibitory cytokine, is a divergent member of the TGF-beta superfamily". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 94 (21): 11514–11519. Bibcode:1997PNAS...9411514B. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.21.11514. PMC 23523. PMID 9326641.
^ Cite error: The named reference zimmers was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Hsiao EC, Koniaris LG, Zimmers-Koniaris T, Sebald SM, Huynh TV, Lee SJ (May 2000). "Characterization of growth-differentiation factor 15, a transforming growth factor beta superfamily member induced following liver injury". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 20 (10): 3742–3751. doi:10.1128/MCB.20.10.3742-3751.2000. PMC 85678. PMID 10779363.
^ Ago T, Sadoshima J (February 2006). "GDF15, a cardioprotective TGF-beta superfamily protein". Circulation Research. 98 (3): 294–297. doi:10.1161/01.RES.0000207919.83894.9d. PMID 16484622.

[refGRCh38Ensembl-1] GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000130513 – Ensembl, May 2017

[refGRCm38Ensembl-2] GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000038508 – Ensembl, May 2017

[3] "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[4] "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[pmid9326641-5] Bootcov MR, Bauskin AR, Valenzuela SM, Moore AG, Bansal M, He XY, et al. (October 1997). "MIC-1, a novel macrophage inhibitory cytokine, is a divergent member of the TGF-beta superfamily". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 94 (21): 11514–11519. Bibcode:1997PNAS...9411514B. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.21.11514. PMC 23523. PMID 9326641.

[zimmers-6] Cite error: The named reference zimmers was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[hsiao-7] Hsiao EC, Koniaris LG, Zimmers-Koniaris T, Sebald SM, Huynh TV, Lee SJ (May 2000). "Characterization of growth-differentiation factor 15, a transforming growth factor beta superfamily member induced following liver injury". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 20 (10): 3742–3751. doi:10.1128/MCB.20.10.3742-3751.2000. PMC 85678. PMID 10779363.

[8] Ago T, Sadoshima J (February 2006). "GDF15, a cardioprotective TGF-beta superfamily protein". Circulation Research. 98 (3): 294–297. doi:10.1161/01.RES.0000207919.83894.9d. PMID 16484622.

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