Back གནམ་བསྐོས་དགའ་ལྡན་ཕོ་བྲང་ Tibetan Ganden Phodang Danish گاندن فودرانگ Persian Ganden Phodrang French 간덴 포드랑 Korean Regering van historisch Tibet Dutch Ganden Phodrang Vietnamese 甘丹颇章 Chinese
Ganden Phodrang དགའ་ལྡན་ཕོ་བྲང 甘丹頗章 | |
|---|---|
| 1642–1959 | |
| Status | Protectorate of the Khoshut Khanate (1642–1717) Protectorate of the Dzungar Khanate (1717–1720) Protectorate of the Qing dynasty (1720–1912) Protectorate of the People's Republic of China (1951-1959) |
| Capital | Lhasa |
| Common languages | Tibetan |
| Religion | Tibetan Buddhism |
| Government | Lugs gnyis (dual order) Spiritual and Secular |
| Dalai Lama | |
• 1642–1682 | 5th Dalai Lama (first) |
• 1950–1959 | 14th Dalai Lama (last) |
| History | |
• Established | 1642 |
• Disestablished | 1959 |
| Currency | Tibetan currency |
| History of Tibet |
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| See also |
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The Ganden Phodrang or Ganden Podrang (Tibetan: དགའ་ལྡན་ཕོ་བྲང, Wylie: dGa' ldan pho brang, Lhasa dialect: [ˈkɑ̃̀tɛ̃̀ ˈpʰóʈɑ̀ŋ]; Chinese: 甘丹頗章; pinyin: Gāndān Pōzhāng) was the Tibetan system of government established by the 5th Dalai Lama in 1642, to whom was conferred all spiritual and political power in Tibet. The Oirat lord Güshi Khan who founded the Khoshut Khanate, conferred the spiritual and secular leadership position on the 5th Dalai Lama in a ceremony in Shigatse. The Dalai Lama chose the name of his monastic residence at Drepung Monastery for the new Tibetan government's name: Ganden (དགའ་ལྡན), the Tibetan name for Tushita heaven, which, according to Buddhist cosmology, is where the future Buddha Maitreya resides; and Phodrang (ཕོ་བྲང), a palace, hall, or dwelling.
During the ceremony, the Dalai Lama "made a proclamation declaring that Lhasa would be the capital of Tibet and the government of would be known as Gaden Phodrang"[1] which eventually became the seat of the Gelug school's leadership authority.[2] Lhasa's Red Fort again became the capital building of Tibet, and the Ganden Phodrang operated there and adjacent to the Potala Palace until the March 1959 Tibetan uprising, during which the Dalai Lama escaped from Tibet and declared the revocation of Tibet's Seventeen Point Agreement with China.
Historically, the Dalai Lama had accepted China's Qing emperors within the parameters of Asia's cho-yon teacher and student relationships, which began decades before 1720.[3][4][5] The Qing attempted to become increasingly active in governing Tibet starting in the early 18th century, which caused several uprisings and dissatisfaction within Lhasa.[6] A governing council known as the Kashag also operated in the Ganden Phodrang administration. During the Qing invasion of Kham in 1904, and then during the invasion of Lhasa before the Chinese revolution of 1911 and during the fall of the Qing empire in 1912, the Ganden Phodrang continued to govern Tibet. Only from 1951, when Tibet and China signed the Seventeen Point Agreement and the Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China began, to March 1959 when the Agreement was revoked did the Tibetan government's Ganden Podrang officially share its governing authority with China.
- ^ Tsepon W.D. Shakabpa, A Thousand Moons, Brill, 2009
- ^ Buswell, Robert E.; Lopez, Donald S., Jr. (2013). The Princeton dictionary of Buddhism. Archived 12 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400848058. Entries on "Dalai Lama" and "Dga' ldan pho brang".
- ^ "Tibetans mark 360 years of Gaden Phodrang", Central Tibetan Administration, February 6, 2002: Tibet under the leadership of the Fifth Dalai Lama pursued a vigorous foreign policy and welcomed foreign travellers. The cho-yon or teacher-disciple relationship that governed Tibet’s most important external relations received new life during his reign. In return for the spiritual guidance of the Dalai Lama, the disciple offered his military service. The cho-yon system regulated Tibet’s relations with China till 1911 when the Manchu dynasty was overthrown by nationalist Chinese forces.
- ^ AHRC-funded project, Legal Ideology in Tibet: Politics, Practice, and Religion, University of Oxford, Tibetan Law
- ^
Laird, Thomas (2007) [2006]. The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama. New York: Grove Press. p. 226. ISBN 9781555846725. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
The Manchu, or Qing, Empire became Tibet's overlord in 1720 when it installed the Seventh Dalai Lama, but this relationship was not rigorously defined and the Manchu made no move to absorb Tibet as a province.
- ^ Alice Travers, Solomon George Fitzherbert. "Introduction: The Ganden Phodrang’s Military Institutions and Culture between the 17th and the 20th Centuries, at a Crossroads of Influences". Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines, 2020; "Asian Influences on Tibetan Military History between the 17th and 20th Centuries", 53, pp.7-28.
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