Back Гарднер (скалы) Byelorussian Gardner Pinnacles Catalan Gardner Pinnacles CEB Gardner Pinnacles German Gardner Pinnacles Spanish Gardner Pinnacles Basque Gardner Pinnacles French Gardner Pinnacles Galician Gardner Pinnacles Italian ガードナー尖礁 Japanese
The Gardner Pinnacles (Hawaiian: Pūhāhonu) are two barren rock outcrops surrounded by a reef and located in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands.
The Pūhāhonu volcano responsible for the pinnacles is 511 nautical miles (946 km; 588 mi) northwest of Honolulu and 108 miles (94 nmi; 174 km) from French Frigate Shoals. The total area of the two small islets, remnants of an ancient shield volcano, the world's largest, is 5.939 acres (24,030 m2).[1] The highest peak is 170 feet (52 meters).[2][a] The surrounding reef has an area in excess of 1,904 square kilometres (470,000 acres; 735 sq mi).[3]
The Gardner Pinnacles were discovered and named in 1820 by the whaling ship Maro.[4] The island may be the last remnant of one of the largest volcanoes on Earth.[5] It holds the record for the largest and hottest shield volcano.[2][b]
- ^ Giuliani-Hoffman, Francesca. "The largest volcano in the world sits beneath two small rocky peaks in Hawaii". CNN. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
- ^ a b Garcia, Michael O.; Tree, Jonathan P.; Wessel, Paul; Smith, John R. (July 15, 2020). "Pūhāhonu: Earth's biggest and hottest shield volcano". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 542: 116296. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116296. ISSN 0012-821X.
- ^ Gardner Pinnacles - Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge. U.S Fish and Wildlife Service. December 14, 2016
- ^ Mark J. Rauzon (2001). Isles of Refuge: Wildlife and History of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 95–. ISBN 978-0-8248-2330-6.
- ^ "SOEST researchers reveal largest and hottest shield volcano on Earth".
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