Gas gangrene

Gas gangrene
Gas gangrene
Other names	Myonecrosis,[clarification needed] clostridial myonecrosis
	Photograph before right leg amputation (hemipelvectomy) of a patient with gas gangrene. The right thigh is edematous (swollen) and discoloured with necrotic bullae (large blisters). Crepitation is detected on deep palpation. At this juncture, the patient is in shock, and died less than eight hours later.
Specialty	Infectious disease

Gas gangrene (also known as clostridial myonecrosis^[1]) is a bacterial infection that produces tissue gas in gangrene. This deadly form of gangrene usually is caused by Clostridium perfringens bacteria. About 1,000 cases of gas gangrene are reported yearly in the United States.^[2]

Myonecrosis is a condition of necrotic damage, specific to muscle tissue. It is often seen in infections with C. perfringens or any of myriad soil-borne anaerobic bacteria. Bacteria cause myonecrosis by specific exotoxins. These microorganisms are opportunistic and, in general, enter the body through significant skin breakage. Gangrenous infection by soil-borne bacteria was common in the combat injuries of soldiers well into the 20th century, because of non-sterile field surgery and the basic nature of care for severe projectile wounds.^[3]

Other causes of myonecrosis include envenomation by snakes of the genus Bothrops (family Viperidae), ischemic necrosis, caused by vascular blockage (e.g., diabetes type II), tumours that block or hoard blood supply, and disseminated intravascular coagulation or other thromboses.

^ James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. p. 269. ISBN 978-0-7216-2921-6.
^ Jerrold B. Leikin; Frank P. Paloucek, eds. (2008), "Clostridium perfringens Poisoning", Poisoning and Toxicology Handbook (4th ed.), Informa, pp. 892–893, ISBN 978-1-4200-4479-9
^ Pailler JL, Labeeu F (1986). "La gangrène gazeuse: une affection militaire?" [Gas gangrene: a military disease?]. Acta Chir. Belg. (in French). 86 (2): 63–71. PMID 3716723.

[Andrews-1] James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. p. 269. ISBN 978-0-7216-2921-6.

[2] Jerrold B. Leikin; Frank P. Paloucek, eds. (2008), "Clostridium perfringens Poisoning", Poisoning and Toxicology Handbook (4th ed.), Informa, pp. 892–893, ISBN 978-1-4200-4479-9

[3] Pailler JL, Labeeu F (1986). "La gangrène gazeuse: une affection militaire?" [Gas gangrene: a military disease?]. Acta Chir. Belg. (in French). 86 (2): 63–71. PMID 3716723.

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Gas gangrene
Other names	Myonecrosis,^{[clarification needed]} clostridial myonecrosis

Photograph before right leg amputation (hemipelvectomy) of a patient with gas gangrene. The right thigh is edematous (swollen) and discoloured with necrotic bullae (large blisters). Crepitation is detected on deep palpation. At this juncture, the patient is in shock, and died less than eight hours later.
Specialty	Infectious disease