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Gaza genocide

This article is about genocide accusations against Israel in the Gaza Strip during the Israel–Hamas war. For earlier accusations in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, see Palestinian genocide accusation. For the ICJ proceeding, see South Africa's genocide case against Israel. For allegations against Hamas, see Allegations of genocide in the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel.

Gaza genocide
Part of the Israel-Hamas war and Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories
Photograph
Palestinians with body bags, Gaza Strip, October 2023
LocationGaza Strip
Date7 October 2023 (2023-10-07) – present
TargetPalestinians
Attack type
Genocide, collective punishment, mass murder, ethnic cleansing, forced displacement, bombardment, targeted killings, starvation as method of war, torture, others
Deaths
  • At least 39,790 killed[a]
  • More than 10,000 estimated under rubble[5]
  • Up to 186,000 dead due to indirect and direct causes per The Lancet.[6]
InjuredAt least 91,700[5][1]
Victims
  • Damaging or destruction of approximately 80% of homes and 50% of buildings in Gaza[7][8][b]
  • 20% of population facing "catastrophic levels of acute food insecurity" involving "an extreme lack of food, starvation, and exhaustion"[11]
  • 1,900,000+ internally displaced persons[12][13]
Motive
AccusedIsrael

Complicity

Israel has been accused by experts, governments, United Nations agencies and non-governmental organisations of carrying out a genocide against the Palestinian people during its invasion and bombing of the Gaza Strip as part of the ongoing Israel–Hamas war.[25][26][27] By July 2024, after nine months of attacks, Israeli military action had resulted in nearly 40,000 confirmed Palestinian deaths — 1 out of every 59 people in Gaza — averaging 148 deaths per day. Most of the victims are civilians,[28][29] of whom at least 50% are women and children,[30][31] and 103 journalists.[32]

Thousands more dead bodies are thought to be under the rubble of destroyed buildings.[33][34][35] By June 2024, over 500 healthcare workers in Gaza had been killed.[36] As of May 2024, only 12 of Gaza's 36 hospitals are functional; 84% of health centers in the region have been destroyed or suffered damage.[37] An enforced Israeli blockade has heavily contributed to starvation and the threat of famine in the Gaza Strip, while Israeli forces prevented humanitarian supplies from reaching the Palestinian population, blocking or attacking humanitarian convoys. Early in the conflict, Israel also cut off water and electricity supply from the Gaza Strip. Israel has also destroyed numerous culturally significant buildings, including 13 libraries housing thousands of books,[38][39] all of Gaza's 12 universities and 80% of its schools,[40][41] dozens of mosques, three churches, and two museums.[42][43][44]

Various observers, including United Nations Special Rapporteur Francesca Albanese,[45] have cited statements by senior Israeli officials that may indicate an "intent to destroy" (in whole or in part) Gaza's population, a necessary condition for the legal threshold of genocide to be met.[25][46][47] A majority of mostly US-based Middle East scholars believe Israel's actions in Gaza are intended to make it uninhabitable for Palestinians, and 75% of them say Israel's actions in Gaza constitute either "major war crimes akin to genocide" or "genocide".[48]

The government of South Africa has instituted proceedings, South Africa v. Israel, against Israel at the International Court of Justice (ICJ), alleging a violation of the Genocide Convention.[49] In an initial ruling, the ICJ held that South Africa was entitled to bring its case against Israel, while Palestinians were recognised to have "a plausible right to be protected from genocide"[50] that faced a real risk of irreparable damage. The court ordered Israel to observe its obligations under the Genocide Convention by taking all measures within its power to prevent the commission of acts of genocide, to prevent and punish incitement to genocide, and to allow basic humanitarian services into Gaza.[51][52][53] The court also later ordered Israel to increase humanitarian aid into Gaza and to prevent genocide during the Rafah offensive.[54][55] The Israeli government rejected the court's orders[53] and accused the court of being antisemitic.[56][57]

  1. ^ a b Motamedi, Maziar (10 August 2024). "Israel's war on Gaza live: Grief, anger as dozens killed in school attack - Number of people killed in Israeli attacks on Gaza rises". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 10 August 2024.
  2. ^ Prothero, Mitchell (25 January 2024). "Israeli Intelligence Has Deemed Hamas-Run Health Ministry's Death Toll Figures Generally Accurate". Vice News. Archived from the original on 3 March 2024.
  3. ^ Huynh, Benjamin Q.; Chin, Elizabeth T.; Spiegel, Paul B. (6 December 2023). "No evidence of inflated mortality reporting from the Gaza Ministry of Health". The Lancet. 403 (10421): 23–24. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02713-7. PMID 38070526.
  4. ^ Pietromarchi, Virginia; Jamal, Urooba (12 July 2024). "Israel war on Gaza live: 60 bodies recovered from Gaza City: Civil Defence - Israel's war on Gaza in numbers". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 12 July 2024.
  5. ^ a b "10,000 people feared buried under the rubble in Gaza". United Nations in Palestine. 3 May 2024. Archived from the original on 5 May 2024. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
  6. ^ Khatib, McKee & Yusuf 2024, p. 237.
  7. ^ Semerdjian 2024, p. 4.
  8. ^ Malsin, Jared (30 December 2023). "The Ruined Landscape of Gaza After Nearly Three Months of Bombing". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  9. ^ Varshalomidze, Tamila; Motamedi, Maziar (17 March 2024). "Netanyahu criticises Israel's allies for 'short memory'". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 17 March 2024. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  10. ^ "UNOSAT Gaza Strip Comprehensive Damage Assessment-January 2024". ReliefWeb. 1 February 2024. Archived from the original on 10 February 2024. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  11. ^ Burke, Jason (24 June 2024). "One in five households in Gaza go whole days without food, draft UN report says". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 6 July 2024.
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference HRW-Starvation was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ Sathar 2023; Qutami 2023, p. 532; Semerdjian 2024, p. 4
  14. ^ Fassin 2024, pp. 1–2; Semerdjian 2024, pp. 1, 3; Levene 2024, pp. 1–2
  15. ^ Mackenzie & Lubell 2023: "Israel has tightened its blockade on and bombarded Gaza for three weeks after the Islamist group Hamas' Oct. 7 assault killed 1,400 Israelis [...] Abbas ... said, "Our people in the Gaza Strip are facing a war of genocide and massacres committed by the Israeli occupation forces in full view of the entire world.""; Antonio 2023: "Israeli Ambassador to the Philippines Ilan Fluss rejected the notion that his country is committing genocide in Gaza City, where a two-week war has erupted [...] their measures were targeting Hamas members, and they were "taking all measures to avoid having civilians affected" by attacks. "We are informing civilians even before attacks: keep away from Hamas' infrastructure and Hamas' facilities," [...] Hamas attacked Israel on Oct. 7, and killed at least 1,400 people, mostly civilians."; Chacar 2023; Smith et al. 2023; Nichols 2023; Bishara 2023
  16. ^ Abraham, Yuval (3 April 2024). "'Lavender': The AI machine directing Israel's bombing spree in Gaza". +972 Magazine. Retrieved 3 July 2024. "There was a completely permissive policy regarding the casualties of [bombing] operations — so permissive that in my opinion it had an element of revenge," D., an intelligence source, claimed. … A. also used the word "revenge" to describe the atmosphere inside the army after October 7.
  17. ^ Litvin 2023.
  18. ^ Levene 2024, p. 5.
  19. ^ Sultany 2024, pp. 2–3.
  20. ^ "On the Dehumanization of the Palestinians". palestine-studies.com. Institute for Palestine Studies. Retrieved 3 July 2024. The current genocidal assaults on Palestinians in the Gaza strip have undoubtedly been enabled by decades of anti-Palestinian racism propagated by both government and military officials and by media outlets. ... This has never been clearer than over the course of the last two weeks as U.S. and Israeli political and military leaders sow fear and paranoia, and trot out the worst anti-Arab rhetoric we have seen since the period following 9/11. This racist rhetoric is intended to dehumanize the Palestinians in order to neutralize public outrage at what may amount to the worst ethnic cleansing since the 1948 Nakba and what constitutes a genocide at the hands of one of the most advanced militaries in the world, all while world powers watch and do nothing.
  21. ^ "The role of Islamophobia in the genocide in Gaza". CAGE. Cage International. Archived from the original on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
  22. ^ Lederman 2024, pp. 1–2, 5; Segal & Daniele 2024, p. 2; Shaw 2024, pp. 1–2; Üngör 2024, pp. 3–4, 5–6
  23. ^ Guyer, Jonathan (6 January 2024). "'Extraordinary': Biden administration staffers' growing dissent against Gaza policy". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
  24. ^ Alvarez, Priscilla; Klein, Betsy; Fossum, Sam (4 March 2024). "Harris escalates administration calls for Gaza ceasefire". CNN. Archived from the original on 14 April 2024. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
  25. ^ a b "Gaza: UN experts call on international community to prevent genocide against the Palestinian people". OHCHR. 16 November 2023. Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023. Grave violations committed by Israel against Palestinians in the aftermath of 7 October, particularly in Gaza, point to a genocide in the making, UN experts said today. They illustrated evidence of increasing genocidal incitement, overt intent to "destroy the Palestinian people under occupation", loud calls for a 'second Nakba' in Gaza and the rest of the occupied Palestinian territory, and the use of powerful weaponry with inherently indiscriminate impacts, resulting in a colossal death toll and destruction of life-sustaining infrastructure.
  26. ^ Burga 2023; Corder 2024
  27. ^ Quigley, John (3 July 2024). "The Lancet and Genocide By "Slow Death" in Gaza". Arab Center Washington DC. Archived from the original on 13 July 2024. Retrieved 13 July 2024.
  28. ^ Knell, Yolanda (29 February 2024). "More than 30,000 killed in Gaza, Hamas-run health ministry says". BBC News. Archived from the original on 29 February 2024.
  29. ^ Kuperman, Alan J. (16 April 2024). "Civilian deaths in Gaza rival those of Darfur – which the US called a 'genocide'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 16 April 2024.
  30. ^ Spagat, Mike (28 May 2024). "Gaza Ministry of Health releases detailed new casualty data amidst confusion of UN's death numbers in Gaza". Action On Armed Violence. Archived from the original on 10 July 2024. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
  31. ^ Graham-Harrison, Emma (25 February 2024). "Gaza death toll set to pass 30,000, as Israel prepares assault on Rafah". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 27 February 2024.
  32. ^ "Journalist casualties in the Israel-Gaza war". Committee to Protect Journalists. 22 June 2024. Archived from the original on 9 July 2024. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
  33. ^ Massoud, Bassam; Fick, Maggie (23 December 2023). "Gaza death toll: why counting the dead has become a daily struggle". Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 January 2024.
  34. ^ "Gaza death toll reaches 20,000 as UN ceasefire vote postponed". EuroNews. 21 December 2023. Archived from the original on 22 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  35. ^ "Gaza war 'most dangerous ever' for journalists, says rights group". Reuters. 21 December 2023. Archived from the original on 22 December 2023.
  36. ^ "UN Human Rights Office - OPT: Statement on the killing and arbitrary detention of health workers in Gaza - occupied Palestinian territory". ReliefWeb. 25 June 2024. Archived from the original on 10 July 2024. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
  37. ^ Neuman, Scott; Baba, Anas; Wood, Daniel (1 June 2024). "In Gaza, months of war have left Palestinians with barely the necessities to survive". NPR.
  38. ^ El Chamaa, Mohamad (1 December 2023). "Gazans mourn loss of their libraries: Cultural beacons and communal spaces". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 30 November 2023.
  39. ^ Moutafa, Laila Hussein (12 December 2023). "Opinion: When libraries like Gaza's are destroyed, what's lost is far more than books". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 8 August 2024.
  40. ^ "UN experts deeply concerned over 'scholasticide' in Gaza". Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. United Nations. 18 April 2024. Archived from the original on 18 April 2024.
  41. ^ Stack, Liam; Shbair, Bilal (6 May 2024). "With Schools in Ruins, Education in Gaza Will Be Hobbled for Years". New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 July 2024.
  42. ^ "In Gaza, Palestinians hold Ramadan prayers by ruins of mosque". Reuters. 15 March 2024. Archived from the original on 18 August 2024.
  43. ^ Kansara, Reha; Nour, Ahmed (29 January 2024). "Israel-Gaza war: Counting the destruction of religious sites". BBC News. Archived from the original on 14 August 2024.
  44. ^ Saber, Indlieb Farazi (14 January 2024). "A 'cultural genocide': Which of Gaza's heritage sites have been destroyed?". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 13 August 2024.
  45. ^ Cite error: The named reference Albanese_anatomy_of_a_genocide was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  46. ^ Burga 2023; Soni 2023, p. 81
  47. ^ "International Expert Statement on Israeli State Crime". statecrime.org. International State Crime Initiative. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  48. ^ Cite error: The named reference Brookings was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  49. ^ Cite error: The named reference ICJ-2023-12-29 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  50. ^ Donoghue 2024, 5:10 ("The court decided that the Palestinians had a plausible right to be protected from genocide, and that South Africa had the right to present that claim in the court."); Order, S. Afr., No. 192 (ICJ 26 January 2024), ¶ 54 ("In the Court's view, the facts and circumstances mentioned above are sufficient to conclude that at least some of the rights claimed by South Africa and for which it is seeking protection are plausible. This is the case with respect to the right of the Palestinians in Gaza to be protected from acts of genocide and related prohibited acts identified in Article III, and the right of South Africa to seek Israel's compliance with the latter's obligations under the Convention.").
  51. ^ Cite error: The named reference ICJruling was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  52. ^ Simon, Scott; Peralta, Eyder (27 January 2024). "ICJ finds genocide case against Israel 'plausible', orders it to stop violations". NPR. Archived from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
  53. ^ a b Casciani, Dominic (16 May 2024). "Israel-Gaza: What did the ICJ ruling really say?". BBC. Archived from the original on 17 May 2024. Retrieved 17 May 2024.
  54. ^ Casciani, Dominic (28 May 2024). "Israel-Gaza: What does ICJ ruling on Israel's Rafah offensive mean?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 29 May 2024.
  55. ^ Marsi, Federica; Siddiqui, Usaid; Motamedi, Maziar (28 March 2024). "ICJ orders Israel to stop preventing 'delivery of urgently needed' aid". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 2 April 2024. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
  56. ^ Cite error: The named reference McKernan was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  57. ^ Cite error: The named reference NBC-2024-01-26 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).


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