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Gaza genocide

This article is about ongoing Israeli mass killings in Gaza. For accusations throughout the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, see Palestinian genocide accusation. For allegations against Hamas, see Allegations of genocide in the October 7 Hamas-led attack on Israel.

Gaza genocide
Part of the Gaza war and the Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories
Photograph
Palestinians receive treatment on the floor at the overcrowded emergency ward of Al-Shifa hospital in Gaza City, October 2023.
LocationGaza Strip
Date7 October 2023 (2023-10-07) – present[1]
TargetPalestinians
Attack type
Collective punishment, mass murder, ethnic cleansing, forced displacement, bombardment, targeted killings, starvation, torture, rape and sexual violence,[2][3][4] preventing births[5]
Deaths
  • At least 52,400 reported directly killed (traumatic injury deaths)[a][b]
  • More than 10,000 estimated under rubble[12]
  • "Indirect" or non-traumatic injury deaths[c][14] likely to be several times higher than those directly killed[d][16][17]
InjuredAt least 118,000[6][18]
Victims
  • 20% of population facing "catastrophic levels of acute food insecurity" involving "an extreme lack of food, starvation, and exhaustion"[19]
  • 1,900,000+ internally displaced persons[20][21]
  • Damaging or destruction of approximately 80% of homes and 50% of buildings in Gaza[22][23][e]
Motive
Accused

Potential complicity includes:[34][35][36]

Litigation

According to a United Nations Special Committee,[37] Amnesty International, and other experts and human rights organisations, Israel is committing genocide against the Palestinian people during its ongoing invasion and bombing of the Gaza Strip as part of the Gaza war.[38][39][40] The genocidal acts described by experts and human rights organizations include large-scale killing, use of starvation as a weapon of war, destruction of civilian infrastructure, attacks on healthcare workers, and forced displacement. Various observers, including UN experts,[41] the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the occupied Palestinian territories Francesca Albanese,[42] and Human Rights Watch have cited statements by senior Israeli officials that may indicate an "intent to destroy" Gaza's population in whole or in part, a necessary condition for the legal threshold of genocide to be met.[41][43][44]

By April 2025, the Gaza Ministry of Health had reported that at least 50,500 people in the Gaza Strip had died—1 out of every 44 people—averaging 93 deaths per day.[45] Most of the victims are civilians,[46][47] of whom at least 50% are women and children.[48][49] Compared to other recent global conflicts, the numbers of known deaths of journalists, humanitarian and health workers, and children are among the highest.[50] Thousands of more dead bodies are thought to be under the rubble of destroyed buildings.[47][51] A study in the Lancet estimated 64,260 deaths due to traumatic injuries by June 2024, while noting a larger potential death toll when "indirect" deaths are included.[52][53] As of January 2025, a comparable estimate for traumatic injury deaths would be around 80,000.[54] The number of injured is greater than 100,000;[18] Gaza has the most child amputees per capita in the world.[55]

Over 1.9 million Palestinians—85% of Gaza’s population—have been forcibly displaced. An enforced Israeli blockade heavily contributed to starvation and the threat of famine in Gaza, while some Israeli civilians have blocked or attacked aid convoys delivering humanitarian supplies across the border. Early in the conflict, Israel cut off Gaza's water and electricity supply. As of August 2024, only 17 of Gaza's 36 hospitals were partially functional;[45] 84% of its health centers have been destroyed or suffered damage.[56] Israel has also destroyed numerous culturally significant buildings, such as all of Gaza's 12 universities, 80% of its schools,[57][58] and numerous mosques, churches, museums, and libraries.[59]

The government of South Africa has instituted proceedings, South Africa v. Israel, against Israel at the International Court of Justice (ICJ), alleging a violation of the Genocide Convention.[60] In an initial ruling, the ICJ held that South Africa was entitled to bring its case against Israel, while Palestinians were recognised to have a right to protection from genocide.[61] The court ordered Israel to observe its obligations under the Genocide Convention by taking all measures within its power to prevent the commission of acts of genocide, to prevent and punish incitement to genocide, and to allow basic humanitarian services into Gaza.[62][63][64] The court also later ordered Israel to increase humanitarian aid into Gaza and to halt the Rafah offensive.[65][66] The Israeli government has denied South Africa's allegations.[64]

  1. ^ Amnesty International report 2024, p. 37.
  2. ^ "Israel's escalating use of torture against Palestinians in custody a preventable crime against humanity: UN experts". OHCHR. Archived from the original on 8 December 2024. Retrieved 17 December 2024.
  3. ^ "The Genocidal Dimensions of Israel's Use of Sexual and Gender-Based Violence (SGBV) against Palestinians". Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention. Archived from the original on 30 September 2024. Retrieved 17 December 2024.
  4. ^ Independent International Commission of Inquiry 2025, p. 1: "The Commission also examines the sharp increase in sexual and gender-based violence perpetrated by members of the Israeli Security Forces and settlers online and in person across the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including rape and other forms of sexual violence. It also examines how sexual and gender-based violence has taken different forms when committed against male and female members of the Palestinian community in order to dominate, oppress and destroy the Palestinian people in whole or in part."
  5. ^ Independent International Commission of Inquiry 2025, p. 39: "175. The Commission finds that the ISF intentionally attacked and destroyed the Basma IVF clinic which was the main fertility centre in Gaza. The ISF destroyed all of the reproductive material that was stored for the future conception of Palestinians. The Commission did not find any evidence that this IVF clinic was a legitimate military target at the time that it was attacked by the ISF. The Commission concludes that the destruction of the Basma IVF clinic was a measure intended to prevent births among Palestinians in Gaza, which is a genocidal act under the Rome Statute and Genocide Convention. The Commission also concludes that this was done with the intent to destroy the Palestinians in Gaza as a group, in whole or in part, and that this is the only inference that could reasonably be drawn from the acts in question"
  6. ^ a b c "Reported impact snapshot – Gaza Strip (30 April 2025)". Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. 30 April 2025. Archived from the original on 1 May 2025.
  7. ^ Prothero 2024.
  8. ^ Huynh, Chin & Spiegel 2023, pp. 23–24.
  9. ^ AJLabs 2025.
  10. ^ UNRWA 2025.
  11. ^ Jamaluddine et al. 2025.
  12. ^ United Nations in Palestine 2024.
  13. ^ Garry & Checchi 2020.
  14. ^ Geneva Declaration Secretariat 2008, p. 4: "The ratio of people killed in war to those dying indirectly because of a conflict is explored in the chapter on indirect deaths (INDIRECT CONFLICT DEATHS). Studies show that between three and 15 times as many people die indirectly for every person who dies violently."
  15. ^ Sridhar 2024.
  16. ^ Khatib, McKee & Yusuf 2024, p. 237.
  17. ^ Bloxham 2025, pp. 23–24: "When considering the total 'excess mortality,' we need to add the Palestinians who have died because of the blockade in combination with the IDF's destruction of health and sanitation and food infrastructure. As public health experts noted, in many wars, 'most deaths' are 'due to the indirect [sic] impacts of war: malnutrition, communicable disease, exacerbations of noncommunicable disease, [and] maternal and infant disorders.'117 'Indirect' would be the wrong word for this conflict given the nature of Israeli policies, including the systematic obstruction of supplies into Gaza."
  18. ^ a b Khadder & Haq 2024.
  19. ^ Burke 2024.
  20. ^ "Israel: Starvation Used as Weapon of War in Gaza". Human Rights Watch. 18 December 2023. Archived from the original on 10 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  21. ^ Sathar 2023; Qutami 2023, p. 532; Semerdjian 2024, p. 4
  22. ^ Semerdjian 2024, p. 4.
  23. ^ Malsin & Shah 2023.
  24. ^
  25. ^ Fassin 2024, pp. 1–2; Semerdjian 2024, pp. 1, 3; Levene 2024, pp. 1–2; Litvin 2023
  26. ^ Mackenzie & Lubell 2023: "Israel has tightened its blockade on and bombarded Gaza for three weeks after the Islamist group Hamas' Oct. 7 assault killed 1,400 Israelis ... Abbas ... said, 'Our people in the Gaza Strip are facing a war of genocide and massacres committed by the Israeli occupation forces in full view of the entire world.'"; Antonio 2023: "Israeli Ambassador to the Philippines Ilan Fluss rejected the notion that his country is committing genocide in Gaza City, where a two-week war has erupted ... their measures were targeting Hamas members, and they were 'taking all measures to avoid having civilians affected" by attacks. 'We are informing civilians even before attacks: keep away from Hamas' infrastructure and Hamas' facilities,' ... Hamas attacked Israel on Oct. 7, and killed at least 1,400 people, mostly civilians."; Chacar 2023; Smith et al. 2023; Nichols 2023; Bishara 2023
  27. ^ Abraham 2024: '"There was a completely permissive policy regarding the casualties of [bombing] operations – so permissive that in my opinion it had an element of revenge," D., an intelligence source, claimed. ... A. also used the word "revenge" to describe the atmosphere inside the army after October 7.'
  28. ^ Sultany 2024, pp. 2–3.
  29. ^ Bennett 2023: "The current genocidal assaults on Palestinians in the Gaza strip have undoubtedly been enabled by decades of anti-Palestinian racism propagated by both government and military officials and by media outlets. ... This has never been clearer than over the course of the last two weeks as U.S. and Israeli political and military leaders sow fear and paranoia, and trot out the worst anti-Arab rhetoric we have seen since the period following 9/11. This racist rhetoric is intended to dehumanize the Palestinians in order to neutralize public outrage at what may amount to the worst ethnic cleansing since the 1948 Nakba and what constitutes a genocide at the hands of one of the most advanced militaries in the world, all while world powers watch and do nothing."
  30. ^ Hughes 2024.
  31. ^ Massad 2025.
  32. ^ Levene 2024, p. 5.
  33. ^
  34. ^ Sultany 2024, p. 23.
  35. ^ Cordall 2024.
  36. ^ "Amnesty International concludes Israel is committing genocide against Palestinians in Gaza". Amnesty International. 5 December 2024. Archived from the original on 6 December 2024. Retrieved 5 December 2024.
  37. ^ "A genocide is unfolding before our eyes: History will not forgive our inaction, UN Special Committee warns General Assembly 4th Committee report". Question of Palestine. Archived from the original on 10 April 2025. Retrieved 9 April 2025. Our report leaves no room for ambiguity. A genocide is unfolding before our eyes. Failing to act now—failing to put an end to this atrocity crime— will tear apart the very foundation of the international rule of law we have collectively built to protect peace, security, and the well-being of all. Our inaction today is setting a perilous precedent for tomorrow. Think about it.
  38. ^
  39. ^
  40. ^ Amnesty International report 2024, p. 13: "This report focuses on the Israeli authorities' policies and actions in Gaza as part of the military offensive they launched in the wake of the Hamas-led attacks on 7 October 2023 while situating them within the broader context of Israel's unlawful occupation, and system of apartheid against Palestinians in Gaza, the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and Israel. It assesses allegations of violations and crimes under international law by Israel in Gaza within the framework of genocide under international law, concluding that there is sufficient evidence to believe that Israel's conduct in Gaza following 7 October 2023 amounts to genocide."
  41. ^ a b "Gaza: UN experts call on international community to prevent genocide against the Palestinian people". OHCHR. 16 November 2023. Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023. Grave violations committed by Israel against Palestinians in the aftermath of 7 October, particularly in Gaza, point to a genocide in the making, UN experts said today. They illustrated evidence of increasing genocidal incitement, overt intent to "destroy the Palestinian people under occupation", loud calls for a 'second Nakba' in Gaza and the rest of the occupied Palestinian territory, and the use of powerful weaponry with inherently indiscriminate impacts, resulting in a colossal death toll and destruction of life-sustaining infrastructure.
  42. ^ Albanese 2024, pp. 13–14.
  43. ^
  44. ^ Extermination and Acts of Genocide: Israel Deliberately Depriving Palestinians in Gaza of Water (Report). Human Rights Watch. 19 December 2024. Archived from the original on 9 February 2025. Retrieved 20 January 2025. Israeli authorities' and forces' actions to deprive the population of Gaza of access to water amount to acts of genocide under the Genocide Convention and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Specifically, their actions amount to deliberately inflicting conditions of life calculated to bring about the physical destruction of the Palestinian population in Gaza. Genocidal intent may also be inferred from Israeli authorities' and forces' continued actions to deprive Palestinians in Gaza of water, despite clear data and warnings from the United Nations since October and orders from the International Court of Justice calling for the provision of water since January, alongside Israeli authorities' statements, and therefore these acts may amount to the crime of genocide.
  45. ^ a b UN OCHA 2025.
  46. ^ Schwarz 2024.
  47. ^ a b Tantesh & Graham-Harrison 2024.
  48. ^ Spagat 2024a.
  49. ^ Graham-Harrison 2024a.
  50. ^
  51. ^ Massoud & Fick 2023.
  52. ^ Jamaluddine et al. 2025: "We estimated 64,260 deaths (95% CI 55 298–78 525) due to traumatic injury during the study period, suggesting the Palestinian MoH under-reported mortality by 41%. ... Our findings underestimate the full impact of the military operation in Gaza, as they do not account for non-trauma-related deaths resulting from health service disruption, food insecurity, and inadequate water and sanitation."
  53. ^ Bloxham 2025, pp. 23–24.
  54. ^ Bloxham 2025, p. 23.
  55. ^ UN News 2024.
  56. ^ Neuman, Baba & Wood 2024.
  57. ^ OHCHR 2024b.
  58. ^ Stack & Shbair 2024.
  59. ^
  60. ^ Cite error: The named reference ICJ-2023-12-29 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  61. ^ Donoghue 2024, 5:10 ("The court decided that the Palestinians had a plausible right to be protected from genocide, and that South Africa had the right to present that claim in the court."); Order, S. Afr., No. 192 (ICJ 26 January 2024), ¶ 54 ("In the Court's view, the facts and circumstances mentioned above are sufficient to conclude that at least some of the rights claimed by South Africa and for which it is seeking protection are plausible. This is the case with respect to the right of the Palestinians in Gaza to be protected from acts of genocide and related prohibited acts identified in Article III, and the right of South Africa to seek Israel's compliance with the latter's obligations under the Convention.").
  62. ^ Cite error: The named reference ICJruling was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  63. ^ Simon & Peralta 2024.
  64. ^ a b Casciani 2024a.
  65. ^ Casciani 2024b.
  66. ^ Marsi, Siddiqui & Motamedi 2024.


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