Back Genderdisforie Afrikaans اضطراب الهوية الجندرية Arabic Disforia de xéneru AST Disporya kan henero BCL Плоцевая дысфарыя BE-X-OLD Disfòria de gènere Catalan نائارامیی جێندەری CKB Dysfforia rhywedd Welsh Geschlechtsdysphorie German Δυσφορία φύλου Greek
| Gender dysphoria | |
|---|---|
| Specialty | Psychiatry, psychology  |
| Symptoms | Distress related to one's assigned gender, sex or sex characteristics[1][2][3] |
| Complications | Eating disorders, suicide, depression, anxiety, social isolation[4] |
| Differential diagnosis | Variance in gender identity or expression that is not distressing,[1][3] psychotic disorders, body dysmorphic disorder, autism spectrum disorder, transvestic disorder[5] |
| Treatment | Transitioning, psychotherapy[2][3] |
| Medication | Hormones (e.g., androgens, antiandrogens, estrogens) |
| Gender incongruence | |
|---|---|
| Specialty | Sexual health |
| Symptoms | a marked and persistent incongruence between an individual´s experienced gender and the assigned sex, which often leads to a desire to ‘transition’[6] |
| Differential diagnosis | Gender variant behaviour and preferences alone are not a basis for assigning the diagnosis[6] |
| Treatment | gender affirming care |
| Part of a series on |
| Transgender topics |
|---|
Gender dysphoria (GD) is the distress a person experiences due to a mismatch between their gender identity—their personal sense of their own gender—and their sex assigned at birth.[7][8] The term replaced the previous diagnostic label of gender identity disorder (GID) in 2013 with the release of the diagnostic manual DSM-5. The condition was renamed to remove the stigma associated with the term disorder.[9] The International Classification of Diseases uses the term gender incongruence (GI) instead of gender dysphoria, defined as a marked and persistent mismatch between gender identity and assigned gender, regardless of distress or impairment. Not all transgender people have gender dysphoria.[10][11] Gender nonconformity is not the same thing as gender dysphoria[12] and does not always lead to dysphoria or distress.[13] In pre-pubertal youth, the diagnoses are gender dysphoria in childhood and gender incongruence of childhood. The causes of gender incongruence are unknown but a gender identity likely reflects genetic, biological, environmental, and cultural factors.[14][15][16]
Diagnosis can be given at any age, although gender dysphoria in children and adolescents may manifest differently than in adults.[17] Complications may include anxiety, depression, and eating disorders.[11] Treatment for gender dysphoria includes social transitioning and often includes hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or gender-affirming surgeries, and psychotherapy.[2][3]
Some researchers and transgender people argue for the declassification of the condition because they say the diagnosis pathologizes gender variance and reinforces the binary model of gender.[18] However, this declassification could carry implications for healthcare accessibility, as HRT and gender-affirming surgery could be deemed cosmetic by insurance providers, as opposed to medically necessary treatment, thereby affecting coverage.[19]
- ^ a b "Gender Dysphoria" (PDF). American Psychiatric Publishing. 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 29, 2016. Retrieved December 24, 2016.
- ^ a b c Maddux JE, Winstead BA (2015). Psychopathology: Foundations for a Contemporary Understanding. Routledge. pp. 464–465. ISBN 978-1317697992. Archived from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved December 26, 2019.
- ^ a b c d Coleman E (2011). "Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender-Nonconforming People, Version 7" (PDF). International Journal of Transgenderism. 13 (4). Routledge Taylor & Francis Group: 165–232. doi:10.1080/15532739.2011.700873. S2CID 39664779. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 2, 2014. Retrieved August 30, 2014.
- ^ Davidson MR (2012). A Nurse's Guide to Women's Mental Health. Springer Publishing Company. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-8261-7113-9.
- ^ Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5-TR™ (Fifth, text revision ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Publishing. 2022. pp. 512–521. ISBN 978-0-89042-576-3.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ a b "Gender incongruence and transgender health in the ICD". www.who.int. Retrieved 2025-05-10.
- ^ Human Rights Campaign. "Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Definitions". Archived from the original on November 25, 2015. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
- ^ Morrow DF, Messinger L, eds. (2006). Sexual Orientation and Gender Expression in Social Work Practice: working with gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-231-50186-6.
Gender identity refers to an individual's personal sense of identity as masculine or feminine, or some combination thereof.
- ^ DSM-5 fact sheet 2013: "DSM-5 aims to avoid stigma and ensure clinical care for individuals who see and feel themselves to be a different gender than their assigned gender. It replaces the diagnostic name 'gender identity disorder' with 'gender dysphoria', as well as makes other important clarifications in the criteria."
- ^ "Understanding transgender people, gender identity and gender expression". www.apa.org. 2023-03-09. Retrieved 2025-01-17.
- ^ a b Russo J, Coker JK, King JH (2017). DSM-5® and Family Systems. Springer Publishing Company. p. 352. ISBN 978-0826183996. Archived from the original on April 19, 2021. Retrieved December 3, 2020.
People meeting criteria for Gender Dysphoria most often identify themselves as trans or transgender. Trans or transgender can be used as umbrella terms to include the broad spectrum of persons whose gender identity differs from the assigned gender (APA, 2013).
- ^ Parekh, Ranna. "What Is Gender Dysphoria?". American Psychiatric Publishing. Archived from the original on January 14, 2020. Retrieved November 20, 2018.
- ^ "Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender Nonconforming People" (PDF) (ver. 7 ed.). World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH). 2011. Archived from the original on August 14, 2015.
5 ("only some gender nonconforming people experience gender dysphoria at some point in their lives.")
- ^ Heylens G, De Cuypere G, Zucker KJ, Schelfaut C, Elaut E, Vanden Bossche H, et al. (March 2012). "Gender identity disorder in twins: a review of the case report literature". Journal of Sexual Medicine. 9 (3): 751–757. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02567.x. PMID 22146048.
Of 23 monozygotic female and male twins, nine (39.1%) were concordant for GID; in contrast, none of the 21 same‐sex dizygotic female and male twins were concordant for GID, a statistically significant difference (P = 0.005)... These findings suggest a role for genetic factors in the development of GID.
- ^ Diamond, Milton (2013). "Transsexuality Among Twins: Identity Concordance, Transition, Rearing, and Orientation". International Journal of Transgenderism. 14 (1): 24–38. doi:10.1080/15532739.2013.750222. S2CID 144330783.
Combining data from the present survey with those from past-published reports, 20% of all male and female monozygotic twin pairs were found concordant for transsexual identity... The responses of our twins relative to their rearing, along with our findings regarding some of their experiences during childhood and adolescence show their identity was much more influenced by their genetics than their rearing.
- ^ Rosenthal SM (December 2014). "Approach to the patient: transgender youth: endocrine considerations". Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 99 (12): 4379–4389. doi:10.1210/jc.2014-1919. PMID 25140398.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
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- ^ Cite error: The named reference
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