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Generation Z

"iGen" redirects here. For the book, see iGen (book). For other uses, see Generation Z (disambiguation).

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Social generations of the Western world
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Generation Z (often shortened to Gen Z), also known as zoomers,[1][2][3] is the demographic cohort succeeding Millennials and preceding Generation Alpha. Researchers and popular media use the mid-to-late 1990s as starting birth years and the early 2010s as ending birth years with the generation loosely being defined as people born around 1997 to 2012.[4] Most members of Generation Z are the children of Generation X.[5]

As the first social generation to have grown up with access to the Internet and portable digital technology from a young age, members of Generation Z have been dubbed "digital natives"[6] even if they are not necessarily digitally literate[7] and may struggle in a digital workplace.[8][9] Moreover, the negative effects of screen time are most pronounced in adolescents, as compared to younger children.[10] Sexting became popular during Gen Z's adolescent years, although the long-term psychological effects are not yet fully understood.[11]

Generation Z has been described as "better behaved and less hedonistic" than previous generations.[12][13] They have fewer teenage pregnancies, consume less alcohol (but not necessarily other psychoactive drugs),[14][15][16] and are more focused on school and job prospects.[12][17] They are also better at delaying gratification than teens from the 1960s.[18] Youth subcultures have not disappeared, but they have been quieter.[19][20] Nostalgia is a major theme of youth culture in the 2010s and 2020s.[21][22][23]

Globally, there is evidence that girls in Generation Z experienced puberty at considerably younger ages compared to previous generations, with implications for their welfare and their future.[24][25][26][27][28] Furthermore, the prevalence of allergies among adolescents and young adults in this cohort is greater than the general population;[29][30] there is greater awareness and diagnosis of mental health conditions,[17][16][31][32] and sleep deprivation is more frequently reported.[33][34][35] In many countries, Generation Z youth are more likely to be diagnosed with intellectual disabilities and psychiatric disorders than older generations.[36][37]

Generation Z initially held left-wing political views,[38] but has been moving towards the right since 2020.[39][40]

In Asia, educators in the 2000s and 2010s typically sought out and nourished top students; in Western Europe and the United States, the emphasis was on poor performers.[41] East Asian and Singaporean students consistently earned the top spots in international standardized tests in the 2010s[42][43][44] and 2020s.[45][46][47]

  1. ^ "Words We're Watching: 'Zoomer'". Merriam-Webster. October 2021. Archived from the original on February 11, 2020. Retrieved October 25, 2021.
  2. ^ "zoomer". Dictionary.com. January 16, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  3. ^ "Definition of ZOOMER". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved April 28, 2023.
  4. ^ Burclaff, Natalie. "Research Guides: Doing Consumer Research: A Resource Guide: Generations". guides.loc.gov. Retrieved April 16, 2025.
  5. ^ "Who Are the Parents of Gen Z?". Signal Vine. August 26, 2021. Archived from the original on April 7, 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2022.
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference turner was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ Cite error: The named reference Strauss-2019 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ Cite error: The named reference :2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ Cite error: The named reference :27 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ Cite error: The named reference Adelantado-Renau-2019 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ Del Rey, Rosario; Ojeda, Mónica; Casas, José A.; Mora-Merchán, Joaquín A.; Elipe, Paz (August 21, 2019). Rey, Lourdes (ed.). "Sexting Among Adolescents: The Emotional Impact and Influence of the Need for Popularity". Educational Psychology. Frontiers in Psychology. 10 (1828): 1828. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01828. PMC 6712510. PMID 31496968.
  12. ^ a b "Teenagers are better behaved and less hedonistic nowadays". International. The Economist. January 10, 2018. Archived from the original on September 19, 2020. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
  13. ^ Twenge, Jean (September 19, 2017). "Why today's teens aren't in any hurry to grow up". The Conversation. Archived from the original on November 15, 2020. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
  14. ^ Schepis, Ty (November 19, 2020). "College-age kids and teens are drinking less alcohol – marijuana is a different story". The Conversation. Archived from the original on November 21, 2020. Retrieved November 21, 2020.
  15. ^ Hymas, Charles (December 9, 2020). "Generation Z swap drink for drugs as class A use by 16-24-year-olds rises by half in seven years". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on December 10, 2020. Retrieved December 19, 2020.
  16. ^ a b Chandler-Wilde, Helen (August 6, 2020). "The future of Gen Z's mental health: How to fix the 'unhappiest generation ever'". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2020.
  17. ^ a b "Generation Z is stressed, depressed and exam-obsessed". The Economist. February 27, 2019. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on March 28, 2019. Retrieved March 28, 2019.
  18. ^ Protzko, John (May–June 2020). "Kids These Days! Increasing Delay of Gratification Ability Over the Past 50 Years in Children". Intelligence. 80 (101451). doi:10.1016/j.intell.2020.101451. ISSN 0160-2896. S2CID 218789047. Archived from the original on February 3, 2023. Retrieved September 26, 2020.
  19. ^ Petridis, Alexis (March 20, 2014). "Youth Subcultures: What Are They Now?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on November 22, 2020. Retrieved January 4, 2021.
  20. ^ Watts, Peter (April 10, 2017). "Is Youth Culture a Thing of the Past?". Apollo. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 4, 2021.
  21. ^ Velasquez, Angela (June 10, 2020). "In Times of Crisis, Gen Z Embraces Escapist Fashion". Sourcing Journal. Archived from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
  22. ^ Arana, Ixone (October 14, 2023). "Modern Nostalgia: Why Do Young People Ache for a Past They Never Lived?". Lifestyle. El Pais. Retrieved December 4, 2023.
  23. ^ Isabel Slone (March 10, 2020). "Escape Into Cottagecore, Calming Ethos for Our Febrile Moment". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 10, 2020. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
  24. ^ Cite error: The named reference Weir-2016 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  25. ^ Cite error: The named reference Lamothe-2018 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  26. ^ Cite error: The named reference U-Southampton-2005 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  27. ^ Cite error: The named reference Hochberg-2020 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  28. ^ Cite error: The named reference Eckert-Lind-2020 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  29. ^ Cite error: The named reference auto1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  30. ^ Cite error: The named reference NationalPost-2019 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  31. ^ American Psychological Association (March 15, 2019). "Mental Health Issues Increased Significantly in Young Adults over Last Decade". Science Daily. Archived from the original on December 20, 2020. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
  32. ^ Schraer, Rachel (February 11, 2019). "Is Young People's Mental Health Getting Worse?". Health. BBC News. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved December 26, 2020.
  33. ^ Twenge, Jean (October 19, 2017). "Teens Are Sleeping Less – But There's a Surprisingly Easy Fix". The Conversation. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
  34. ^ Cite error: The named reference Kansagra-2020 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  35. ^ Cite error: The named reference U-Rochester-2020 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  36. ^ Maulik, Pallab K.; Mascarenhas, Maya N.; Mathers, Colin D.; Dua, Tarun; Saxena, Shekhar (2011). "Prevalence of intellectual disability: A meta-analysis of population-based studies". Research in Developmental Disabilities. 32 (2): 419–436. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2010.12.018. PMID 21236634. Archived from the original on September 26, 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  37. ^ Buckley, Nicholas; Glasson, Emma J.; et al. (May 30, 2020). "Prevalence estimates of mental health problems in children and adolescents with intellectual disability: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 54 (10). The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists: 970–984. doi:10.1177/0004867420924101. PMID 32475125. S2CID 219170827.
  38. ^ Parker, Kim; Igielnik, Ruth (May 14, 2020). "On the Cusp of Adulthood and Facing an Uncertain Future: What We Know About Gen Z So Far". Pew Research Center. Retrieved May 2, 2025.
  39. ^ Cite error: The named reference :9 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  40. ^ Cite error: The named reference :19 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  41. ^ Clynes, Tom (September 7, 2016). "How to raise a genius: lessons from a 45-year study of super-smart children". Nature. 537 (7619): 152–155. Bibcode:2016Natur.537..152C. doi:10.1038/537152a. PMID 27604932. S2CID 4459557.
  42. ^ Alphonso, Caroline (December 3, 2019). "Canadian high school students among top performers in reading, according to new international ranking". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on December 3, 2019. Retrieved November 13, 2019.
  43. ^ DeSilver, Drew (February 15, 2017). "U.S. students' academic achievement still lags that of their peers in many other countries". Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on November 20, 2020. Retrieved November 21, 2020.
  44. ^ Wai, Jonathan; Makel, Matthew C. (September 4, 2015). "How do academic prodigies spend their time and why does that matter?". The Conversation. Archived from the original on January 23, 2021. Retrieved December 19, 2020.
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  46. ^ Cite error: The named reference :29 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  47. ^ Cite error: The named reference :31 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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