Georgian Civil War

Georgian Civil War
	Part of the post-Soviet conflicts, the Wars in the Caucasus, and the Dissolution of the Soviet Union
	; Location of Georgia (including Abkhazia and South Ossetia) and the Russian part of North Caucasus
Date	December 22, 1991 – December 31, 1993; (2 years, 1 week and 2 days)
Location	Georgia (mainly in Tbilisi and Western Georgia)
Result	Exile and death of first President of Georgia, Zviad Gamsakhurdia; Georgia joins the Commonwealth of Independent States;
Belligerents
Pro-Gamsakhurdia forces 22 December 1991 – 6 January 1992; Government of Georgia National Guard of Georgia; 6 January 1992 – March 1992; National Disobedience Committee March 1992 – September 1993; Gamsakhurdia's government-in-exile Partisans; Units of the National Guard; 2 September 1993 – 6 November 1993; Zugdidi-based government 6 November 1993 – 31 December 1993; Partisans ; Supported by:; Chechen Republic of Ichkeria	Pro-Shevardnadze forces 22 December 1991 – 6 January 1992; Rebel factions of the National Guard; Mkhedrioni; Tetri Artsivi; Merab Kostava Society; Union of Afghans ; 2 January 1992 – 10 March 1992; Military Council; Interim Government; ; 10 March 1992 – October 1992; State Council; Interim Government; ; October 1992 – 31 December 1993; Government of Georgia Georgian Armed Forces; Internal Troops of Georgia; National Guard of Georgia; ; Supported by: Russia
Commanders and leaders
Zviad Gamsakhurdia †; Loti Kobalia; Zurab Iremadze; Akaki Eliava	Eduard Shevardnadze ; Tengiz Sigua; Jaba Ioseliani; Tengiz Kitovani; Shota Kviraia; Giorgi Karkarashvili; Boris Yeltsin; Eduard Baltin
Casualties and losses
	Total deaths: Up to 2,000

The Georgian Civil War (Georgian: საქართველოს სამოქალაქო ომი, sakartvelos samokalako omi) lasted from 1991 to 1993 in the South Caucasian country of Georgia. It began in December 1991 with the coup against the first democratically-elected President of Georgia, Zviad Gamsakhurdia, by the rebel factions of the Georgian National Guard and the Mkhedrioni paramilitary.^[5] It led to President Gamsakhurdia fleeing to neighboring Chechnya, and his subsequent insurgency and unsuccessful uprising to regain power in 1992–1993.

^ ^a ^b "Militia Tightens Rule over Ex-Soviet State". Washington Post. 1992-01-19. Retrieved 2023-02-10.
^ "Gamsakhurdia Loyalists Continue Fight". Los Angeles Times. 1992-01-20. Retrieved 2023-02-10.
^ "Georgians warn of wider war: Rebels and loyalists beef their forces for an all-out battle". Washington Post. 31 December 1991.
^ Baev, Pavel K. (2003). "Civil wars in Georgia: corruption breeds violence". In Koehler, Jan (ed.). Potentials of Disorder: Explaining Conflict and Stability in the Caucasus and in the Former Yugoslavia. Manchester University Press. p. 132. ISBN 9780719062414.
^ "Georgia2". Human Rights Watch. On December 20, 1991, the political opposition to Gamsakhurdia issued new calls for his resignation. When the president ignored them, Kitovani's National Guard, together with members of Ioseliani's Mkhedrioni, launched an "all-out attack on the Georgian parliament building, where the president had gone to ground," leaving considerable parts of downtown Tbilisi in ruins, as they remain today.18 This was the beginning of the Georgian civil war.

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[tight-1] "Militia Tightens Rule over Ex-Soviet State". Washington Post. 1992-01-19. Retrieved 2023-02-10.

[2] "Gamsakhurdia Loyalists Continue Fight". Los Angeles Times. 1992-01-20. Retrieved 2023-02-10.

[4] "Georgians warn of wider war: Rebels and loyalists beef their forces for an all-out battle". Washington Post. 31 December 1991.

[5] Baev, Pavel K. (2003). "Civil wars in Georgia: corruption breeds violence". In Koehler, Jan (ed.). Potentials of Disorder: Explaining Conflict and Stability in the Caucasus and in the Former Yugoslavia. Manchester University Press. p. 132. ISBN 9780719062414.

[6] "Georgia2". Human Rights Watch. On December 20, 1991, the political opposition to Gamsakhurdia issued new calls for his resignation. When the president ignored them, Kitovani's National Guard, together with members of Ioseliani's Mkhedrioni, launched an "all-out attack on the Georgian parliament building, where the president had gone to ground," leaving considerable parts of downtown Tbilisi in ruins, as they remain today.18 This was the beginning of the Georgian civil war.

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