German battleship Gneisenau

Gneisenau
History
Germany
Name	Gneisenau
Namesake	August Neidhardt von Gneisenau[1]
Builder	Deutsche Werke
Laid down	6 May 1935
Launched	8 December 1936
Commissioned	21 May 1938
Decommissioned	1 July 1942
Fate	Sunk as a blockship 23 March 1945, scrapped in 1951
General characteristics
Class and type	Scharnhorst-class battleship
Displacement	Standard: 32,100 long tons (32,600 t) Full load: 38,100 long tons (38,700 t)
Length	229.8 m (753 ft 11 in)
Beam	30 m (98 ft 5 in)
Draft	9.9 m (32 ft 6 in)
Installed power	165,930 PS (163,660 shp; 122,040 kW)
Propulsion	3 Germania geared steam turbines
Speed	31 knots (57 km/h; 36 mph)
Range	6,200 nmi (11,500 km; 7,100 mi) at 19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph)
Complement	56 officers 1,613 enlisted
Armament	9 × 28 cm/54.5 (11 inch) SK C/34 12 × 15 cm/55 (5.9") SK C/28 14 × 10.5 cm (4.1 in) SK C/33 16 × 3.7 cm (1.5 in) SK C/30 10 (later 16) × 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 or C/38 6 × 533 mm (21 in) torpedo tubes
Armor	Belt: 350 mm (13.8 in) Deck: 50 to 105 mm (2.0 to 4.1 in) Turrets: 200 to 360 mm (7.9 to 14.2 in) Conning tower: 350 mm
Aircraft carried	3 Arado Ar 196A
Aviation facilities	1 catapult

Gneisenau (German pronunciation: [ˈɡnaɪ̯zənaʊ̯]) was a German capital ship, alternatively described as a battleship and battlecruiser, in Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine. She was the second vessel of her class, which included her sister ship, Scharnhorst. The ship was built at the Deutsche Werke dockyard in Kiel; she was laid down on 6 May 1935 and launched on 8 December 1936. Her outfitting was completed in May 1938: she was armed with a main battery of nine 28 cm (11 in) C/34 guns in three triple turrets. At one point after construction had started, a plan had been approved to replace these weapons with six 38 cm (15 in) SK C/34 guns in twin turrets, but when it was realized that this would involve a lot of redesign, that plan was abandoned, and construction continued with the originally planned lower-calibre guns. The upgrade had been intended to be completed in the winter of 1940–41, but instead, due to the outbreak of World War II, that work was stopped.^[2]

Gneisenau and Scharnhorst operated together for much of the early portion of World War II, for example making sorties into the Atlantic to raid British merchant ships. During their first operation, the two ships sank the British auxiliary cruiser HMS Rawalpindi in a short battle. Gneisenau and Scharnhorst also participated in the German invasion of Norway: Operation Weserübung. During operations off the coast of Norway, the two ships engaged the battlecruiser HMS Renown and sank the aircraft carrier HMS Glorious. Gneisenau was damaged in the action with Renown and later torpedoed by a British submarine, HMS Clyde, off the coast of Norway. After a successful raid in the Atlantic in 1941, Gneisenau and her sister ship put in at Brest, France. The two battleships were the object of repeated bombing raids by the RAF, during which Gneisenau was hit several times, though she was ultimately repaired.

In early 1942, the two ships made a daylight dash up the English Channel from occupied France to Germany. After reaching Kiel in early February, Gneisenau went into drydock. On the night of 26 February, the British launched an air attack on her; one bomb penetrated her armored deck and exploded in the forward ammunition magazine, causing serious damage and many casualties. The necessary repairs would have been so time-consuming that it was decided instead to rebuild the ship to replace the nine 28 cm guns with six 38 cm guns in double turrets. The 28 cm guns were removed and used as shore batteries. But in 1943 Hitler issued a stop-work order on the ship. On 27 March 1945, having been moved to Gotenhafen (Gdynia) in German-occupied Poland, she was sunk as a blockship, and in 1951 she was broken up for scrap.