Goguryeo

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Goguryeo 高句麗 (Hanja) 고구려 (Hangul) Goryeo 高麗 고려
c. 37 BC – AD 668
Motto: 천제지자 (천제의 자손) 天帝之子 "Son of God"[1]
Goguryeo (Goryeo) and surrounding nations in AD 476
Status	Kingdom
Capital	Jolbon (37 BC – AD 3) Gungnae (3–427) Pyongyang (427–668)
Common languages	Goguryeo (Koreanic) Literary Chinese
Ethnic groups	Yemaek
Religion	Korean Buddhism (official)[2] Confucianism[3] Taoism Shamanism
Government	Monarchy
Taewang (King)
• 37–19 BC	Dongmyeong (first)
• 391–413	Gwanggaeto
• 413–491	Jangsu
• 590–618	Yeongyang
• 642–668	Bojang (last)
Grand Prime Minister [ko]
• 642–665	Yeon Gaesomun (first)
• 666–668	Yeon Namgeon (last)
Legislature	Jega Council [ko]
Historical era	Ancient
• Establishment	37 BC[a]
• Introduction of Buddhism to Korea	372
• Campaigns of Gwanggaeto the Great	391–413
• Goguryeo–Sui War	598–614
• Goguryeo–Tang War	645–668
• Fall of Pyongyang	AD 668
Population
• 7th century[4]	approx. 3,500,000 (697,000 households)
Preceded by Succeeded by Buyeo Unified Silla Balhae Protectorate General to Pacify the East
Today part of	North Korea South Korea China Mongolia Russia

Goguryeo
Statue of Jumong at the Tomb of King Tongmyŏng in Pyongyang, North Korea
Korean name
Hangul	고구려
Hanja	高句麗
Revised Romanization	Goguryeo
McCune–Reischauer	Koguryŏ
IPA	[ko.ɡu.ɾjʌ]
Goryeo
Hangul	고려
Hanja	高麗
Revised Romanization	Goryeo
McCune–Reischauer	Koryŏ
IPA	[ko.ɾjʌ]
Old Korean
Hangul	구려[5][6]
Hanja	句麗
Revised Romanization	Guryeo
McCune–Reischauer	Kuryŏ
IPA	[ku.ɾjʌ]

Part of a series on the
History of Korea
Prehistoric period Palaeolithic 700,000 BC-8000 BC Neolithic 8000 BC–1500 BC * Jeulmun Bronze Age 1500 BC–300 BC * Mumun * Liaoning dagger
Ancient period Gojoseon 2333 BC–108 BC * Dangun * Gija * Wiman Jin 4th–2nd century BC Yemaek
Proto–Three Kingdoms period Takri Dongye Buyeo Eastern Galsa Okjeo Samhan Ma Byeon Jin Goguryeo Tamna Nakrang Four Commanderies of Han
Three Kingdoms period Goguryeo 37 BC–668 AD Baekje 18 BC–660 AD Silla 57 BC–935 AD Gaya confederacy 42–562 Tamna (Tributary of Baekje) 498–660 Usan 512–930
Northern and Southern period United Silla (Unified Silla) 668–892 Balhae 698–926 Little Goguryeo 699–820 Tamna (Tributary of Silla) 662–925
Later Three Kingdoms period Later Baekje 892–936 Taebong (Later Goguryeo) 901–918 Unified Silla (Later Silla) 892–935 Later Sabeol 919–927 Dongdan Kingdom 926–936 Later Balhae 927–935 Jeongan 938–986
Dynastic period Goryeo 918–1392 Tamna (Vassal of Goryeo) 938–1105 Heungyo 1029–1030 Joseon 1392–1897 Korean Empire 1897–1910
Colonial period Japanese occupation 1910–1945 Provisional Government 1919–1948
Modern period People's Republic of Korea 1945 Military governments 1945–1948 North-South division 1945–present * North 1948–present * South 1948–present
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Part of a series on the
History of Manchuria
Prehistoric period Liao civilization Baijinbao culture Liaoning bronze dagger culture
Ancient to Classical period Gojoseon Sushen Donghu Yemaek Takri Kingdom Yan (Warring States) Xiongnu Han dynasty Wuhuan Xianbei state Yan (Three Kingdoms) Cao Wei Buyeo Goguryeo Sima Jin dynasty Yuwen Former Yan Former Qin Later Yan Northern Yan Kumo Xi Khitan Mohe Shiwei Göktürk Khaganate
Medieval to Early Modern period Eastern Turkic Khaganate Tang dynasty (Andong Protectorate) Balhae Little Goguryeo Dongdan Kingdom Later Balhae Jeongan Liao dynasty Xingliao Jurchen Jin dynasty Yuan rule Northern Yuan Ming rule (Nurgan) Later Jin Sino-Russian border conflicts (Jaxa) Qing rule
Modern period Amur Annexation Chuang Guandong Korean and Russian invasions Russian Dalian Beiyang government (Fengtian Clique) Far Eastern Republic Green Ukraine Kwantung Leased Territory Nationalist government Korean People's Association in Manchuria Japanese invasion Manchukuo Liaoshen Campaign (Chinese Civil War) Manchuria/Northeast China Outer Manchuria (in Russian Far East)
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Goguryeo (37 BC^[a] – 668 AD) (Korean: 고구려; Hanja: 高句麗; RR: Goguryeo; lit. high castle; Korean pronunciation: [ko̞.ɡu.ɾjʌ̹]; Old Korean: Guryeo)^[8] also later known as Goryeo (Korean: 고려; Hanja: 高麗; RR: Goryeo; lit. high and beautiful; Korean pronunciation: [ko.ɾjʌ]; Middle Korean: 고ᇢ롕〮, kwòwlyéy),^[9] was a Korean kingdom^{[10][11][12][13]} which was located on the northern and central parts of the Korean Peninsula and the southern and central parts of modern-day Northeast China (Manchuria). At its peak of power, Goguryeo encompassed most of the Korean Peninsula and large parts of Manchuria, along with parts of eastern Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, and modern-day Russia.^[14][15][16]

Along with Baekje and Silla, Goguryeo was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. It was an active participant in the power struggle for control of the Korean peninsula and was also associated with the foreign affairs of neighboring polities in China and Japan.

The Samguk Sagi, a text from the 12th century in Goryeo, claims that Goguryeo was founded in 37 BC, but today the date of the dynasty's foundation is in doubt, as archaeological evidence suggests that Goguryeo was founded before Silla, and four things support this:

1. Kim Pu-sik was a 12th-century historian and author of the Samguk sagi (History of the Three Kingdoms). Since he was a descendant of the Silla royal family, it is likely that he distorted history to show the superiority of his ancestor, Silla, and this is undeniable.^[17]
2. Since Kim Pu-sik wrote the History of the Three Kingdoms at least 5 centuries after the events of the Three Kingdoms and was not an eyewitness to the events of that era, his book is considered a secondary source and cannot be considered a primary source alone.^[18]
3. The age of Goguryeo in the Samguk Sagi contradicts what is inscribed in Gwanggaeto the Great's stele (which is a primary source). Gwanggaeto the Great's stele states that Goguryeo is 900 years old, but the Samguk Sagi mentions Goguryeo as a dynasty that lasted 705 years.^{[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]}
4. Also, the Old Book of Tang (945), a primary source, written by Li Shimin (Taizong), mentions that Goguryeo is about 900 years old.^[28]

Goguryeo was one of the great powers in East Asia^[29][30][31] until its defeat by a Silla–Tang alliance in 668 after prolonged exhaustion and internal strife following the death of Yeon Gaesomun.^[32] After its fall, its territory was divided between the Tang dynasty, Later Silla and Balhae.

The name "Goryeo" (alternatively spelled "Koryŏ"), a shortened form of Goguryeo (Koguryŏ), was adopted as the official name in the 5th century,^[33] and is the origin of the English name "Korea".^[34]

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