Google Ngram Viewer

The Google Ngram Viewer or Google Books Ngram Viewer is an online search engine that charts the frequencies of any set of search strings using a yearly count of n-grams found in printed sources published between 1500 and 2019^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] in Google's text corpora in English, Chinese (simplified), French, German, Hebrew, Italian, Russian, or Spanish.^[1]^[2]^[5] There are also some specialized English corpora, such as American English, British English, and English Fiction.^[6]

The program can search for a word or a phrase, including misspellings or gibberish.^[5] The n-grams are matched with the text within the selected corpus, and if found in 40 or more books, are then displayed as a graph.^[6] The Google Ngram Viewer supports searches for parts of speech and wildcards.^[6] It is routinely used in research.^[7]^[8]

^ ^a ^b Michael, Jean-Baptiste; Shen, Yuan K.; Aiden, Aviva P.; Veres, Adrian; Gray, Matthew K.; The Google Books Team; Pickett, Joseph P.; Hoiberg, Dale; Clancy, Dan; Norvig, Peter; Orwant, Jon; Pinker, Steven; Nowak, Martin A.; Aiden, Erez L. (2010). "Quantitative Analysis of Culture Using Millions of Digitized Books". Science. 331 (6014): 176–182.
^ ^a ^b Bosker, Bianca (2010-12-17). "Google Ngram Database Tracks Popularity Of 500 Billion Words". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 2012-05-31.
^ Lance Whitney (2010-12-17). "Google's Ngram Viewer: A time machine for wordplay". Cnet.com. Archived from the original on 2014-01-23. Retrieved 2012-05-31.
^ @searchliaison (July 13, 2020). "The Google Books Ngram Viewer has now been updated with fresh data through 2019" (Tweet). Retrieved 2020-08-11 – via Twitter.
^ ^a ^b "Google Books Ngram Viewer - University at Buffalo Libraries". Lib.Buffalo.edu. 2011-08-22. Archived from the original on 2013-07-02. Retrieved 2012-05-31.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Google Books Ngram Viewer - Information". Retrieved 2024-06-01.
^ Greenfield, Patricia M. (2013). "The Changing Psychology of Culture From 1800 Through 2000". Psychological Science. 24 (9): 1722–1731. doi:10.1177/0956797613479387. ISSN 0956-7976. PMID 23925305. S2CID 6123553.
^ Younes, Nadja; Reips, Ulf-Dietrich (2018). "The changing psychology of culture in German-speaking countries: A Google Ngram study: THE CHANGING PSYCHOLOGY OF CULTURE". International Journal of Psychology. 53: 53–62. doi:10.1002/ijop.12428. PMID 28474338. S2CID 7440938.

[Culturomics-1] Michael, Jean-Baptiste; Shen, Yuan K.; Aiden, Aviva P.; Veres, Adrian; Gray, Matthew K.; The Google Books Team; Pickett, Joseph P.; Hoiberg, Dale; Clancy, Dan; Norvig, Peter; Orwant, Jon; Pinker, Steven; Nowak, Martin A.; Aiden, Erez L. (2010). "Quantitative Analysis of Culture Using Millions of Digitized Books". Science. 331 (6014): 176–182.

[Huf-2] Bosker, Bianca (2010-12-17). "Google Ngram Database Tracks Popularity Of 500 Billion Words". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 2012-05-31.

[Cnet-3] Lance Whitney (2010-12-17). "Google's Ngram Viewer: A time machine for wordplay". Cnet.com. Archived from the original on 2014-01-23. Retrieved 2012-05-31.

[4] @searchliaison (July 13, 2020). "The Google Books Ngram Viewer has now been updated with fresh data through 2019" (Tweet). Retrieved 2020-08-11 – via Twitter.

[BufLib-5] "Google Books Ngram Viewer - University at Buffalo Libraries". Lib.Buffalo.edu. 2011-08-22. Archived from the original on 2013-07-02. Retrieved 2012-05-31.

[GInfo-6] "Google Books Ngram Viewer - Information". Retrieved 2024-06-01.

[7] Greenfield, Patricia M. (2013). "The Changing Psychology of Culture From 1800 Through 2000". Psychological Science. 24 (9): 1722–1731. doi:10.1177/0956797613479387. ISSN 0956-7976. PMID 23925305. S2CID 6123553.

[8] Younes, Nadja; Reips, Ulf-Dietrich (2018). "The changing psychology of culture in German-speaking countries: A Google Ngram study: THE CHANGING PSYCHOLOGY OF CULTURE". International Journal of Psychology. 53: 53–62. doi:10.1002/ijop.12428. PMID 28474338. S2CID 7440938.

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