Back Gorani Afrikaans لهجة كردية غورانية Arabic Gorani Azerbaijani گوران دیلی AZB Гурански език Bulgarian Goraneg Breton گۆرانی (شێوەزار) CKB Gorani Czech Gorani German Goranki DIQ
| Gorani | ||
|---|---|---|
| گۆرانی Goranî | ||
 | ||
| Native to | Iraq and Iran | |
| Region | Kurdistan (Primarily Hawraman, also Garmian and Nineveh), Kermanshah province | |
Native speakers | 300,000 (2008)[1] | |
| Dialects | Hewramî Şebekî[3] Sarlî[3] Bacelanî[4] Gewrejuî Zengeneyî | |
| Kurdish alphabet | ||
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-3 | Variously:hac – Gorani (Gurani)sdb – Shabakisdf – Sarlibjm – Bajelani | |
| Glottolog | gura1251 | |
| ELP | ||
| Linguasphere | 58-AAA-b
| |
 Gorani (Hawrami) is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger | ||
Gorani (Kurdish: گۆرانی, romanized: Goranî, lit. 'song'),[5] also known by the name of its main dialect, Hawrami (ھەورامی, romanized: Hewramî), is a Northwestern Iranian language spoken by ethnic Kurds in northeastern Iraq and northwestern Iran[6] and which with Zaza constitute the Zaza–Gorani languages.[3][a] Zaza and Gorani are linguistically distinct from the Kurdish language,[6][8] although the great majority of their speakers consider their language to be Kurdish.[9][10][11]
Gorani is spoken in Iraq and Iran and has four dialects: Bajelani, Hawrami, and Sarli, some sources also include the Shabaki as a dialect of Gorani as well.[3] Of these, Hawrami was the traditional literary language and koiné of Kurds in the historical Ardalan region at the Zagros Mountains,[12][13] but has since been supplanted by Central Kurdish and Southern Kurdish.[14] Gorani is a literary language for many Kurds.[15]
Gorani had an estimated 180,000 speakers in Iran in 2007 and 120,000 speakers in Iraq as well in 2007 for a total of 300,000 speakers. Ethnologue reports that the language is threatened in both countries and that speakers residing in Iraq includes all adults and some children, however it does not mention if speakers are shifting to Sorani or not. Many speakers of Gorani in Iran also speak Sorani, Persian, as well as Southern Kurdish. Most speakers in Iraq also speak Sorani, while some also speak Mesopotamian Arabic.[16]
- ^ Gorani (Gurani) at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Shabaki at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Sarli at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Bajelani at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ A Working Classification
- ^ a b c d "Gurani". Iranica Online. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
- ^ "Bajalan". Iranica Online. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
- ^ Gunter, Michael M. (2018). Historical Dictionary of the Kurds. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 127. ISBN 978-1538110508.
- ^ a b Leezenberg, Michiel (1993). "Gorani Influence on Central Kurdish: Substratum or Prestige Borrowing?" (PDF). ILLC - Department of Philosophy, University of Amsterdam.
The great majority of the Kurds speak a variety of the so-called Kurmanci or Sorani dialects; smaller numbers speak Gorani or Zaza. Although the latter two dialects are close relatives of the former two, they do not strictly speaking belong to the same branch of Indo-Iranian languages. Nonetheless, both groups are commonly thought to belong to the Nortwestern group of Iranian languages.
- ^ Jügel, Thomas (15 July 2016). "Parvin Mahmoudveysi, Denise Bailey. The Gorani language of Zarda, a village of West Iran". Abstracta Iranica. 34–36. doi:10.4000/abstractairanica.41149. ISSN 0240-8910.
- ^ Allison, Christine (2007). "'The Kurds are Alive': Kurdish in Iraq". In Postgate, J. N. (ed.). Languages of Iraq, Ancient and Modern. British School of Archaeology in Iraq. pp. 138–139. ISBN 978-0-903472-21-0.
Zaza and Gorani are two closely related north-western Iranian languages, which are, in purely linguistic terms, distinct from Sorani and Kurmanji. However, the vast majority of their speakers claim Kurdish identity, so the issue of their definition is sensitive. One might perhaps say that Zaza and Gorani are politically and socially, if not linguistically, Kurdish.
- ^ Tavadze, G. (2019). "Spreading of the Kurdish language dialects and writing systems used in the middle east". Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences. 13 (1): 170–174. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
- ^ Jügel, Thomas (15 July 2016). "Parvin Mahmoudveysi, Denise Bailey. The Gorani language of Zarda, a village of West Iran". Abstracta Iranica. 34–36. doi:10.4000/abstractairanica.41149. ISSN 0240-8910.
- ^ Sheyholislami, Jaffer (2015). "Language Varieties of the Kurds". In Taucher, W.; Vogl, M.; Webinger, P. (eds.). The Kurds: History, religion, language, politics. Vienna: Austrian Ministry of the Interior. pp. 30–51.
- ^ Ara, Behrooz Chaman (2015). Chaman Ara, Behrooz. The Kurdish Shahnama and its Literary and Religious Implications. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1511523493.
- ^ "چمنآرا، ب، "درآمدی بر ادب حماسی و پهلوانی کُردی با تکیه بر شاهنامه کُردی"، جستارهای ادبی، سال چهل و چهارم، بهار ۱۳۹۰، شماره ۱۷۲".
- ^ Meri, Josef W., Medieval Islamic Civilization: A–K, index. p. 444
- ^ Ara, Behrooz Chaman; Amiri, Cyrus (8 August 2018). "Gurani: practical language or Kurdish literary idiom?". British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 45 (4): 627–643. doi:10.1080/13530194.2018.1430536. ISSN 1353-0194. S2CID 148611170.
- ^ Gorani language at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
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