Graduated majority judgment

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Graduated majority judgment (GMJ), sometimes called the usual judgment or continuous Bucklin voting, is a single-winner electoral system. It was invented independently three times in the early 21st century. It was first suggested as an improvement on majority judgment by Andrew Jennings in 2010,^[1] then by Jameson Quinn,^{[citation needed]} and later independently by the French social scientist Adrien Fabre in 2019.^[2] In 2024, the latter coined the name "median judgment" for the rule, arguing it was the best highest median voting rule.^[3]

It is a highest median voting rule, a system of cardinal voting in which the winner is decided by the median rating rather than the mean.^[2]

GMJ begins by counting all ballots for their first choice. If no candidate has a majority then later (second, third, etc.) preferences are added to first preferences until one candidate reaches 50% of the vote. The first candidate to reach a majority of the vote is the winner.