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Grand Principality of Moscow Великое княжество Московское | |||||||||
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| 1263–1478/1547[a] | |||||||||
.svg) Double-headed eagle on the seal of Ivan III
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 Principality in 1300
Grand principality in 1389
Grand principality in 1505
Grand principality in 1533 | |||||||||
| Capital | Moscow | ||||||||
| Common languages | Russian Church Slavonic1 | ||||||||
| Religion | Russian Orthodoxy | ||||||||
| Demonym(s) | Muscovite | ||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
| Monarch | |||||||||
• 1263–1303 | Daniel (first) | ||||||||
• 1533–1547 | Ivan IV (last) | ||||||||
| Legislature | Boyar Duma | ||||||||
| Historical era | Late Middle Ages | ||||||||
• Established | 1263 | ||||||||
• Elevated to grand principality | 1389 | ||||||||
• Elevated to tsardom | 1547 | ||||||||
| Area | |||||||||
| 1505[5] | 2,500,000 km2 (970,000 sq mi) | ||||||||
| Currency | Ruble | ||||||||
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1: Liturgical and literary language | |||||||||
| History of Russia |
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 Russia portal |
The Grand Principality of Moscow,[b] or Muscovy,[c] known as the Principality of Moscow until 1389,[d] was a late medieval Russian monarchy.[8] Its capital was the city of Moscow.[9] Originally established as a minor principality in the 13th century, the grand principality was transformed into a centralized Russian state in the late 15th century.[10]
Moscow became a separate principality when Daniel (r. 1263–1303), the youngest son of Alexander Nevsky, received the city and surrounding area as an appanage.[11] By the end of the 13th century, Moscow had become one of the leading principalities within the Vladimir grand principality, alongside Tver.[12] A struggle between the princes of Moscow and Tver began after Mikhail of Tver became grand prince in 1304.[13] Yury (r. 1303–1325) contested the title and was later made grand prince in 1318 by the khan of the Golden Horde, who held suzerainty over the princes. However, Yury lost the title four years later.[14]
Ivan I (r. 1325–1340) regained the title of grand prince and was able to collect tribute for the khan from other Russian princes, which increased Moscow's wealth.[15] The seat of the Russian Orthodox Church was also moved from Vladimir to Moscow, establishing it as the spiritual center of Russian Orthodoxy.[16] Ivan I defeated Tver and secured the grand princely title for his sons, Simeon (r. 1340–1353) and Ivan II (r. 1353–1359). After Ivan II's death, the title was temporarily lost until Dmitry (r. 1359–1389) regained it and elevated Moscow to a grand principality.[e][19] He also inflicted a milestone defeat on the Tatars in 1380, which greatly increased Moscow's prestige.[20]
As the Golden Horde declined, its hegemony was increasingly challenged.[21] Vasily I (r. 1389–1425) expanded his principality, but was ultimately forced to resume paying tribute due to Tatar raids.[22] Vasily II (r. 1425–1462) consolidated his control of Moscow after a civil war and his reign saw the Russian Church declare autocephaly.[23] Ivan III (r. 1462–1505) absorbed nearly all of the Russian states and laid the foundations for a centralized state.[24] His reign marks the end of the appanage period and the beginning of a new period in Russian history known as Muscovite Russia.[25] His defeat of the Tatars in 1480 also traditionally marks the end of Tatar suzerainty.[26] Vasily III (r. 1505–1533) completed the annexation of the remaining appanages,[27] and his son Ivan IV (r. 1533–1584) was crowned as the first Russian tsar in 1547, thereby formally establishing the Tsardom of Russia.[28]
- ^ Bushkovitch 2011, p. 37, "If we must choose a moment for the birth of Russia out of the Moscow principality, it is the final annexation of Novgorod... in 1478. By this act, Ivan united the two principal political and ecclesiastical centers of medieval Russia under one ruler, and in the next generation he and his son Vasilii III (1505–1533) added the remaining territories".
- ^ Kuchkin 2013, p. 310.
- ^ Vodoff 2000, p. 747, "Ivan... transformed the grand principality of Moscow into a 'centralized Russian State', according to today's historical terminology...".
- ^ Sashalmi 2022, p. 62.
- ^ Taagepera, Rein (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia" (PDF). International Studies Quarterly. 41 (3): 498. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. JSTOR 2600793. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-07-07. Retrieved 2021-10-21.
- ^ A Short History of the USSR. Progress Publishers. 1965.
- ^ Florinsky, Michael T. (1965). Russia: a History and an Interpretation.
- ^ Crummey 2014, p. 1, "This book tells the story of the rise of the late medieval Russian monarchy with Moscow as its capital"; Wickham 2016, pp. 183–184.
- ^ Crummey 2014, p. 1.
- ^ Wren & Stults 2009, p. 81, "With the absorption of Novgorod and the declaration of independence from the Golden Horde, Moscow, now Russia, became a nation-state"; Bushkovitch 2011, p. 39, The new Russian state that emerged at the end of the fifteenth century was much larger and more complex than the medieval Moscow principality even in its later phases"; Wright 2015, p. 574, "...the principality of Muscovy emerged as the pre-eminent state. Gradually it absorbed formerly independent principalities... forming in the process an autocratic, centralized Russian state".
- ^ Fennell 2023, p. 47; Riasanovsky & Steinberg 2019, p. 71; Ziegler 2009, p. 22; Kuchkin 2013, p. 308.
- ^ Fennell 2023, p. 11.
- ^ Fennell 2023, p. 57; Riasanovsky & Steinberg 2019, p. 71; Ziegler 2009, p. 22.
- ^ Riasanovsky & Steinberg 2019, p. 72.
- ^ Riasanovsky & Steinberg 2019, p. 73, "...he not only retained the office of grand prince, but also received the important commission of gathering tribute for the khan from other Russian princes. He used his increasing revenue to purchase more land".
- ^ Riasanovsky & Steinberg 2019, p. 73; Crummey 2014, p. 40; Ziegler 2009, p. 22.
- ^ Howes 1967, p. 35.
- ^ Fennell 2023, p. 306, "But the most vivid proof of the assimilation of the thrones... is to be found in Dmitry Donskoy's will of 1389 in which he bequeaths Vladimir to his eldest son"; Kuchkin 2013, p. 310.
- ^ Fennell 2023, pp. 197, 306, "During the reign of Semen and... Ivan II the ground was prepared for the first 'gathering of the Russian lands' under Ivan II's son Dmitry Donskoy and for the latter's conversion of the principality of Moscow into the grand principality of Moscow, Vladimir and All Rus'"; Kuchkin 2013, p. 310.
- ^ Riasanovsky & Steinberg 2019, pp. 73–74; Ziegler 2009, p. 23; Crummey 2014, p. 51, "Important as these changes are, they pale before Dmitrii's most celebrated feat, his rebellion against the Golden Horde. Later chroniclers and historians have often exaggerated the importance of his victories. Nevertheless, Dmitrii's triumphs gave the princes of Moscow great prestige within Russia and made them more clearly than before the military leaders of the nation".
- ^ Riasanovsky & Steinberg 2019, p. 74, "As Moscow grew and as civil strife swept through the Golden Horde, Mongol hegemony in Russia experienced its first serious challenge since the time of the invasion"; Ziegler 2009, p. 23.
- ^ Riasanovsky & Steinberg 2019, p. 75.
- ^ Riasanovsky & Steinberg 2019, pp. 75–76; Wickham 2016, p. 184; Ziegler 2009, pp. 23–24.
- ^ Dukes 1998, p. 42, "By the accession of Ivan III in 1462, Moscow had become the political as well as the religious centre of the Russian lands. A considerable amount of ingathering remained to be accomplished... Ivan III's reign marks 'an important stage' in this process"; Riasanovsky & Steinberg 2019, pp. 77–79, "Under Ivan III 'the gathering of Russia' proceeded apace... All in all, Ivan III's successes in other Russian states and in foreign wars enormously increased his domain... Ivan III has been called the first national Russian sovereign"; Wickham 2016, p. 184; Ziegler 2009, p. 24; Kuchkin 2013, p. 310, "После успешного похода на Новгород (1477–78)... Иван III Васильевич стал официально титуловаться 'великим князем всея Руси'. М. в. к. трансформировалось в Рус. гос-во".
- ^ Riasanovsky & Steinberg 2019, p. 35, "The long reign of Ivan III, from 1462 to 1505, has generally been considered, together with the following reign of Vasilii III, as the termination of the appanage period and the beginning of a new age in Russian history, that of Muscovite Russia"; Sashalmi 2022, p. 61, "Muscovite Russia (dated from 1462 onwards)"; Ziegler 2009, p. 24, "Ivan III... continued the process of gathering the Russian lands together, expanding and centralizing the Muscovite state and effectively ending the Appanage period... Governing and defending an enlarged Russia required the creation of a small bureaucracy and more professional armed forces".
- ^ Riasanovsky & Steinberg 2019, p. 78; Dukes 1998, p. 45; Crummey 2014, p. 99, "The 'stand on the Ugra' did not end the 'Tatar yoke' because... it had ended decades earlier. At the same time, even the most sceptical of scholars recognize that the events of 1480 soon assumed great symbolic significance. In the minds of later Russian writers, the failure of Ahmed's campaign showed unmistakably that Muscovy's ruler had become a fully independent sovereign".
- ^ Riasanovsky & Steinberg 2019, p. 79; Dukes 1998, p. 45; Wickham 2016, p. 184, "... Ivan III (1462–1505) and his successor Vasiliy III had taken over every other independent Russian principality"; Ziegler 2009, p. 24, "Vasili III... continued the process of consolidation, expansion, and centralization pursued by his father".
- ^ Riasanovsky & Steinberg 2019, p. 116; Wickham 2016, p. 184; Crummey 2014, pp. 137, 147.
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