Guru Gobind Singh

Guru Gobind Singh
Guru Gobind Singh
ਗੁਰੂ ਗੋਬਿੰਦ ਸਿੰਘ
	Contemporary painting of Guru Gobind Singh (seated) found within a Dasam Granth manuscript of Anandpur Sahib
Personal
Born	Gobind Das; 22 December 1666; Patna Sahib, Bihar Subah, Mughal Empire
Died	7 October 1708 (aged 41); Hazur Sahib, Nanded, Bidah Subah, Mughal Empire
Cause of death	Assassination
Religion	Sikhism
Spouse	Mata Ajeet Kaur; Mata Sundar Kaur; Mata Sahib Kaur
Children	Ajit Singh; Jujhar Singh; Zorawar Singh; Fateh Singh; Zorawar Singh Palit (Adopted);
Parents	Guru Tegh Bahadur; Mata Gujri;
Known for	Founding the Khalsa; Founding the Khalsa Fauj; Composed the following : Dasam Granth, known prayers of which include (disputed); Jaap Sahib,; Chandi di Var,; Writing Sikh National Anthem Deh Shiva Bar Mohe Eha; Tav-Prasad Savaiye,; Written Zafarnamah a letter of Victory to Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb after the Battle of Chamkaur; Bachittar Natak,; Akal Ustat,; Chaupai (Sikhism); Sabad Patshahi 10; Ugardanti; Chaubis Avtar; Rudra Avtar; Sarbloh Granth (disputed); Invented Musical instrument Dilruba; Founded Sikh festival of Hola Mohalla; Establish Democratic quintet Panj Pyare; Gave 52 Hukams at Nanded The 52 Hukams of Guru Gobind Singh; Gave Five Ks; Gave Jaikara or Slogan Bole So Nihal;
Other names	Tenth Nanak; Tenth Master ; Dashmesh Pita
Pen name	Shyam; Ram; Kaal; Gobind Das; Nanak; Gobind Singh; Shah Gobind
Signature
Military service
Commands	Supreme General of Akal Sena (1675–1699); Supreme General of Khalsa Fauj (1699–1708) ; Supreme General of Khalsa Panth (Eternal)
Battles/wars	Wars Mughal-Sikh Wars; Hill States-Sikh Wars; Battles Battle of Anandpur (1682); Battle of Anandpur (1685); Battle of Bhangani; Battle of Nadaun; Battle of Guler (1696); Battle of Anandpur (1699); Battle of Anandpur (1700); First siege of Anandpur; Battle of Taragarh; Battle of Nirmohgarh (1702); Battle of Basoli; First Battle of Chamkaur; Battle of Anandpur (1703); First Battle of Anandpur (1704); Second siege of Anandpur; Battle of Sarsa; Second Battle of Chamkaur (1704); Battle of Muktsar; Battle of Baghaur; Battle of Jajau;
Organization
Founder of	Khalsa Khalsa Fauj
Religious career
Predecessor	Guru Tegh Bahadur
Successor	Guru Granth Sahib

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Guru Gobind Singh (Punjabi pronunciation: [gʊɾuː goːbɪn̪d̪ᵊ sɪ́ŋgᵊ]; born Gobind Das;^[22]^[23]^[24]^[25]^[26]^[a] 22 December 1666 – 7 October 1708)^[1]^[27] was the tenth and last human Sikh Guru.^[28]^[b] He was a warrior, poet, and philosopher. In 1675, at the age of nine he was formally installed as the leader of the Sikhs after his father Guru Tegh Bahadur was executed by Emperor Aurangzeb.^[28]^[c] His father was the ninth Sikh Guru. His four biological sons died during his lifetime – two in battle and two executed by the Mughal governor Wazir Khan.^[34]^[35]^[36]

Among his notable contributions to Sikhism are founding the Sikh warrior community called Khalsa in 1699^[4]^[37]^[38] and introducing the Five Ks, the five articles of faith that Khalsa Sikhs wear at all times. Guru Gobind Singh is credited with the Dasam Granth whose hymns are a sacred part of Sikh prayers and Khalsa rituals.^[39]^[40] He is also credited as the one who finalized and enshrined the Guru Granth Sahib as Sikhism's primary holy religious scripture and the eternal Guru.^[41]^[42]

^ ^a ^b Ganda Singh. "Gobind Singh, Guru (1666–1708)". Encyclopaedia of Sikhism. Punjabi University Patiala. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
^ Cite error: The named reference dalbirsingh144 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Singh, Harbans (1992–1998). The encyclopaedia of Sikhism. Vol. 4. Patiala: Punjabi University. pp. 463–464. ISBN 9788173805301.
^ ^a ^b Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh; Shackle, Christopher; Singh, Gurharpal (2013). Sikh Religion, Culture and Ethnicity. Routledge. pp. 25–28. ISBN 978-1-136-84627-4.
^ ^a ^b "Debating the Dasam Granth". aarweb.org. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference :1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Dilgeer, Harjinder Singh (1997). The Sikh Reference Book. Sikh Educational Trust for Sikh University Centre, Denmark. p. 94. ISBN 9780969596424. Some Sikhs, out of ignorance, began using " deh shiva bar mohe ihai shubh karman te kabhoon na taron ... " as the Sikh national anthem.
^ Dharam Singh (2001). Perspectives on Sikhism. Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 158. ISBN 978-8-1738-0736-7.
^ Williams, Victoria (2016). "Dastaar Bandi and Amrit Sanchar, Sikhism". Celebrating life customs around the world : from baby showers to funerals. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-4408-3658-9. OCLC 956633929. During the ceremony the amrit is accompanied by a solemn oath in the presence of Sri Guru Granth Sahib and Panj Pyare, or the five beloved ones. Panj Pyare is a quintet of initiated Sikh men or women that act as leaders within the Sikh community. The Panj Pyare oversee the Amrit Sanchar ceremony by preparing the initiates and administering the amrit to those ready to be initiated
^ Singh, Balawindara (2004). Fifty-Two Commandments Of Guru Gobind Singh. Michigan, US: Singh Bros. p. 9.
^ Singh, Satbir (1991). Aad Sikh Te Aad Sakhian. Jalandhar: New Book Company.
^ "What is the kirpan?". World Sikh Organization of Canada. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
^ "Bole So Nihal | Asian Ethnic Religion | Religious Comparison". Retrieved 7 December 2017 – via Scribd.
^ Gandhi, Surjit Singh (1978). History of the Sikh Gurus: A Comprehensive Study. Gur Das Kapur. p. 607.
^ In the last stanza of Chaupai Sahib Guru Gobind Singh refers to himself as Gobind Das
^ Singh, Kamalroop (2015). The Grańth of Guru Gobind Singh : essays, lectures, and translations. Gurinder Singh Mann (1st ed.). New Delhi. pp. 66, 68, 77. ISBN 978-0-19-945897-4. OCLC 932463542.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cite error: The named reference FenechMcleodp9 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Grewal1998p78 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Singh, Pashaura; Fenech, Louis E. (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Oxford University Press. p. 311. ISBN 978-0-19-969930-8.
^ Grewal 1998, p. 70: "Though historians generally refer to the young Gobind as Gobind Rai, in the hukamnamas of Guru Tegh Bahadur he is referred to as Gobind Das."
^ Grewal, J. S. (2019). Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708): Master of the White Hawk. Oxford University Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-19-099038-1.
^ ^[20]^[21]
^ Cole, W. Owen (2004). Understanding Sikhism. Dunedin Academic Press Ltd. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-906716-91-2. Guru Gobind Singh's name was Gobind Das or sometimes said to be Gobind Rai, but from the founding of the Khalsa he is known to be Guru Gobind Singh.
^ McLeod, W. H. (1997). Sikhism. Penguin Books. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-14-025260-6. Gobind Das was the original name of the Tenth Guru, at least so it seems. Muslim sources generally refer to him as Gobind Rai, but documents issued by his father, Guru Tegh Bahadur, give his name as Gobind Das.
^ Guru Gobind Singh in the final verse of his composition, Chaupai Sahib, refers to himself as Gobind Das.
^ Holt, James D. (2022). Understanding Sikhism: A Guide for Teachers. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 164. ISBN 978-1-350-26319-2.
^ Cite error: The named reference colesambhip36 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b Mayled, Jon (2002). Sikhism. Heinemann. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-435-33627-1.
^ The Sikhs : faith, philosophy & folk. Lustre Press. 1998. ISBN 9788174360373.
^ Jenkins 2000, p. 200.
^ Grewal 1998, p. 72.
^ Olson 2007, p. 23.
^ Truschke 2017, pp. 54–55.
^ Seiple, Chris; Hoover, Dennis; Otis, Pauletta (2013). The Routledge Handbook of Religion and Security. Routledge. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-415-66744-9.;
Richards, John F. (1995). The Mughal Empire. Cambridge University Press. pp. 255–258. ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2.
^ "The Sikh Review". Sikh Cultural Centre. 20 (218–229): 28. 1972.
^ Hardip Singh Syan (2013). Sikh Militancy in the Seventeenth Century: Religious Violence in Mughal and Early Modern India. I.B. Tauris. pp. 218–222. ISBN 978-1-78076-250-0.
^ "BBC Religions – Sikhism". BBC. 26 October 2009. Archived from the original on 23 January 2011. Retrieved 30 July 2011.
^ Dhavan, P (2011). When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799. Oxford University Press. pp. 3–4. ISBN 978-0-19-975655-1.
^ Cite error: The named reference britdasam was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference McLeod1990 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference MandairShackle2013p11 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Shelke, Christopher (2009). Divine covenant: rainbow of religions and cultures. Gregorian Press. p. 199. ISBN 978-88-7839-143-7.

Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

[eos-1] Ganda Singh. "Gobind Singh, Guru (1666–1708)". Encyclopaedia of Sikhism. Punjabi University Patiala. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2016.

[dalbirsingh144-2] Cite error: The named reference dalbirsingh144 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[The_encyclopaedia_of_Sikhism-3] Singh, Harbans (1992–1998). The encyclopaedia of Sikhism. Vol. 4. Patiala: Punjabi University. pp. 463–464. ISBN 9788173805301.

[MandairShackle2013p25-4] Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh; Shackle, Christopher; Singh, Gurharpal (2013). Sikh Religion, Culture and Ethnicity. Routledge. pp. 25–28. ISBN 978-1-136-84627-4.

[aarweb.org-5] "Debating the Dasam Granth". aarweb.org. Retrieved 20 January 2024.

[:1-6] Cite error: The named reference :1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[7] Dilgeer, Harjinder Singh (1997). The Sikh Reference Book. Sikh Educational Trust for Sikh University Centre, Denmark. p. 94. ISBN 9780969596424. Some Sikhs, out of ignorance, began using " deh shiva bar mohe ihai shubh karman te kabhoon na taron ... " as the Sikh national anthem.

[8] Dharam Singh (2001). Perspectives on Sikhism. Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 158. ISBN 978-8-1738-0736-7.

[Celebrating_life-9] Williams, Victoria (2016). "Dastaar Bandi and Amrit Sanchar, Sikhism". Celebrating life customs around the world : from baby showers to funerals. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-4408-3658-9. OCLC 956633929. During the ceremony the amrit is accompanied by a solemn oath in the presence of Sri Guru Granth Sahib and Panj Pyare, or the five beloved ones. Panj Pyare is a quintet of initiated Sikh men or women that act as leaders within the Sikh community. The Panj Pyare oversee the Amrit Sanchar ceremony by preparing the initiates and administering the amrit to those ready to be initiated

[10] Singh, Balawindara (2004). Fifty-Two Commandments Of Guru Gobind Singh. Michigan, US: Singh Bros. p. 9.

[11] Singh, Satbir (1991). Aad Sikh Te Aad Sakhian. Jalandhar: New Book Company.

[12] "What is the kirpan?". World Sikh Organization of Canada. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2015.

[13] "Bole So Nihal | Asian Ethnic Religion | Religious Comparison". Retrieved 7 December 2017 – via Scribd.

[Gandhi_1978_607-14] Gandhi, Surjit Singh (1978). History of the Sikh Gurus: A Comprehensive Study. Gur Das Kapur. p. 607.

[ReferenceA-15] In the last stanza of Chaupai Sahib Guru Gobind Singh refers to himself as Gobind Das

[Singh_2015_66,_68,_77-16] Singh, Kamalroop (2015). The Grańth of Guru Gobind Singh : essays, lectures, and translations. Gurinder Singh Mann (1st ed.). New Delhi. pp. 66, 68, 77. ISBN 978-0-19-945897-4. OCLC 932463542.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[FenechMcleodp9-17] Cite error: The named reference FenechMcleodp9 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Grewal1998p78-18] Cite error: The named reference Grewal1998p78 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[19] Singh, Pashaura; Fenech, Louis E. (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Oxford University Press. p. 311. ISBN 978-0-19-969930-8.

[20] Grewal 1998, p. 70: "Though historians generally refer to the young Gobind as Gobind Rai, in the hukamnamas of Guru Tegh Bahadur he is referred to as Gobind Das."

[21] Grewal, J. S. (2019). Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708): Master of the White Hawk. Oxford University Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-19-099038-1.

[22] [20]^[21]

[23] Cole, W. Owen (2004). Understanding Sikhism. Dunedin Academic Press Ltd. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-906716-91-2. Guru Gobind Singh's name was Gobind Das or sometimes said to be Gobind Rai, but from the founding of the Khalsa he is known to be Guru Gobind Singh.

[24] McLeod, W. H. (1997). Sikhism. Penguin Books. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-14-025260-6. Gobind Das was the original name of the Tenth Guru, at least so it seems. Muslim sources generally refer to him as Gobind Rai, but documents issued by his father, Guru Tegh Bahadur, give his name as Gobind Das.

[25] Guru Gobind Singh in the final verse of his composition, Chaupai Sahib, refers to himself as Gobind Das.

[26] Holt, James D. (2022). Understanding Sikhism: A Guide for Teachers. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 164. ISBN 978-1-350-26319-2.

[colesambhip36-28] Cite error: The named reference colesambhip36 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[:0-29] Mayled, Jon (2002). Sikhism. Heinemann. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-435-33627-1.

[30] The Sikhs : faith, philosophy & folk. Lustre Press. 1998. ISBN 9788174360373.

[FOOTNOTEJenkins2000200-32] Jenkins 2000, p. 200.

[FOOTNOTEGrewal199872-33] Grewal 1998, p. 72.

[FOOTNOTEOlson200723-34] Olson 2007, p. 23.

[FOOTNOTETruschke201754–55-35] Truschke 2017, pp. 54–55.

[Routledge-37] Seiple, Chris; Hoover, Dennis; Otis, Pauletta (2013). The Routledge Handbook of Religion and Security. Routledge. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-415-66744-9.;
Richards, John F. (1995). The Mughal Empire. Cambridge University Press. pp. 255–258. ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2.

[38] "The Sikh Review". Sikh Cultural Centre. 20 (218–229): 28. 1972.

[39] Hardip Singh Syan (2013). Sikh Militancy in the Seventeenth Century: Religious Violence in Mughal and Early Modern India. I.B. Tauris. pp. 218–222. ISBN 978-1-78076-250-0.

[BBC-40] "BBC Religions – Sikhism". BBC. 26 October 2009. Archived from the original on 23 January 2011. Retrieved 30 July 2011.

[41] Dhavan, P (2011). When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799. Oxford University Press. pp. 3–4. ISBN 978-0-19-975655-1.

[britdasam-42] Cite error: The named reference britdasam was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[McLeod1990-43] Cite error: The named reference McLeod1990 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[MandairShackle2013p11-44] Cite error: The named reference MandairShackle2013p11 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[shelke199-45] Shelke, Christopher (2009). Divine covenant: rainbow of religions and cultures. Gregorian Press. p. 199. ISBN 978-88-7839-143-7.

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