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Gwanggaeto the Great

Gwanggaeto the Great
Taewang
Gwanggaeto Stele
King of Goguryeo
Reign391-413
PredecessorGogugyang
SuccessorJangsu
Born374
Died413 (aged 38–39)
IssueGeoryeon
FatherGogugyang
Korean name
Hunminjeongeum
광개토대왕
Hanja
廣開土大王
Revised RomanizationGwanggaeto-daewang
McCune–ReischauerKwanggaet'o-dewang
IPA[kwaŋ.ɡɛ.tʰo.dɛ.waŋ]
Birth name
Hunminjeongeum
고담덕
Hanja
高談德
Revised RomanizationGo Damdeok
McCune–ReischauerKo Tamdǒk
IPA[ko.dam.dʌk̚]
Posthumous name
Hunminjeongeum
국강상광개토경평안호태왕
Hanja
國岡上廣開土境平安好太王
Revised RomanizationGukgangsang-gwanggaetogyeong-pyeongan-hotaewang
McCune–ReischauerKukkangsang-kwanggaet'ogyŏng-p'yŏngan-hot'aewang
IPA[kuk̚.k͈aŋ.saŋ.ɡwaŋ.ɡɛ.tʰo.ɡjʌŋ.pʰjʌŋ.an.ɦo.tʰɛ.waŋ]
Monarchs of Korea
Goguryeo
  1. Chumo c. 37–19 BC
  2. Yuri 19 BC–18 AD
  3. Daemusin 18–44
  4. Minjung 44–48
  5. Mobon 48–53
  6. Taejodae 53–146
  7. Chadae 146–165
  8. Sindae 165–179
  9. Gogukcheon 179–197
  10. Sansang 197–227
  11. Dongcheon 227–248
  12. Jungcheon 248–270
  13. Seocheon 270–292
  14. Bongsang 292–300
  15. Micheon 300–331
  16. Gogugwon 331–371
  17. Sosurim 371–384
  18. Gogugyang 384–391
  19. Gwanggaeto the Great 391–413
  20. Jangsu 413–491
  21. Munja 491–519
  22. Anjang 519–531
  23. Anwon 531–545
  24. Yangwon 545–559
  25. Pyeongwon 559–590
  26. Yeongyang 590–618
  27. Yeongnyu 618–642
  28. Bojang 642–668

Gwanggaeto the Great (374–413, r. 391–413)[1] was the nineteenth monarch of Goguryeo. His full posthumous name means "Entombed in Gukgangsang, Broad Expander of Domain,[1] Peacemaker,[2] Supreme King", sometimes abbreviated to Hotaewang.[2] His era name is Yeongnak and he is occasionally recorded as Yeongnak Taewang ("Great King" or "Emperor" Yeongnak). Gwanggaeto's imperial reign title meant that Goguryeo was on equal standing as an empire with the imperial dynasties in China.[1][3][4]

Under Gwanggaeto, Goguryeo began a golden age,[5][6][7] becoming a powerful empire and one of the great powers in East Asia.[8][9][10][11] Gwanggaeto made enormous advances and conquests into: Western Manchuria against Khitan tribes; Inner Mongolia and the Maritime Province of Russia against numerous nations and tribes;[12][13] and the Han River valley in central Korea to control over two-thirds of the Korean peninsula.[3][4]

In regard to the Korean Peninsula, Gwanggaeto defeated Baekje, the then most powerful of the Three Kingdoms of Korea,[3] in 396, capturing the capital city of Wiryeseong in present-day Seoul.[14] In 399, Silla, the southeastern kingdom of Korea, sought aid from Goguryeo due to incursions by Baekje troops and their Wa allies from the Japanese archipelago.[4] Gwanggaeto dispatched 50,000 expeditionary troops,[15] crushing his enemies and securing Silla as a de facto protectorate;[4][16] he thus subdued the other Korean kingdoms and achieved a loose unification of the Korean peninsula under Goguryeo.[4][17][18] In his western campaigns, he defeated the Xianbei of the Later Yan empire and conquered the Liaodong peninsula,[3] regaining the ancient domain of Gojoseon.[4][19]

Gwanggaeto's accomplishments are recorded on the Gwanggaeto Stele, erected in 414 at the supposed site of his tomb in Ji'an along the present-day China–North Korea border.[20] Constructed by his son and successor Jangsu, the monument to Gwanggaeto the Great is the largest engraved stele in the world.[21][22]

  1. ^ a b c Yi, Ki-baek (1984). A New History of Korea. Harvard University Press. pp. 38–40. ISBN 9780674615762. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
  2. ^ a b 한국의 세계문화유산 여행: 세계가 인정한 한국의 아름다움 (in Korean). 상상출판. 2011-10-19. p. 209. ISBN 9791186163146. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  3. ^ a b c d Kim, Djun Kil (2014-05-30). The History of Korea, 2nd Edition. ABC-CLIO. p. 32. ISBN 9781610695824. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Kim, Jinwung (2012-11-05). A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict. Indiana University Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-0253000781. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
  5. ^ Hall, John Whitney (1988). The Cambridge History of Japan. Cambridge University Press. p. 362. ISBN 9780521223522. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
  6. ^ Yi, Hyŏn-hŭi; Pak, Sŏng-su; Yun, Nae-hyŏn (2005). New history of Korea. Jimoondang. p. 201. ISBN 9788988095850. Retrieved 29 July 2016. He launched a military expedition to expand his territory, opening the golden age of Goguryeo.
  7. ^ Embree, Ainslie Thomas (1988). Encyclopedia of Asian history. Scribner. p. 324. ISBN 9780684188997. Retrieved 29 July 2016. Nevertheless, the reigns of Kwanggaet'o and his successor Changsu (413-491) constituted the golden age of Koguryo.
  8. ^ Roberts, John Morris; Westad, Odd Arne (2013). The History of the World. Oxford University Press. p. 443. ISBN 9780199936762. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  9. ^ Gardner, Hall (2007-11-27). Averting Global War: Regional Challenges, Overextension, and Options for American Strategy. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 158–159. ISBN 9780230608733. Archived from the original on 2021-04-17. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  10. ^ Laet, Sigfried J. de (1994). History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century. UNESCO. p. 1133. ISBN 9789231028137. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
  11. ^ Walker, Hugh Dyson (2012-11-20). East Asia: A New History. AuthorHouse. pp. 6–7. ISBN 9781477265178. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  12. ^ Tudor, Daniel (2012-11-10). Korea: The Impossible Country: The Impossible Country. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 9781462910229. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  13. ^ Kotkin, Stephen; Wolff, David (2015-03-04). Rediscovering Russia in Asia: Siberia and the Russian Far East: Siberia and the Russian Far East. Routledge. ISBN 9781317461296. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  14. ^ 이윤섭 (2014-03-07). 광개토대왕과 장수왕 (in Korean). ebookspub(이북스펍). ISBN 9791155191323. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
  15. ^ Park, Yeon Hwan; Gerrard, Jon (2013). Black Belt Tae Kwon Do: The Ultimate Reference Guide to the World's Most Popular Black Belt Martial Art. Skyhorse Publishing Inc. p. 1. ISBN 9781620875742. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
  16. ^ Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne (2013-01-01). Pre-Modern East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, Volume I: To 1800. Cengage Learning. p. 103. ISBN 978-1133606512. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
  17. ^ Lee, Hyun-hee; Park, Sung-soo; Yoon, Nae-hyun (2005). New History of Korea. Jimoondang. pp. 199–202. ISBN 9788988095850.
  18. ^ "King Gwanggaeto the Great (1)". KBS World Radio. Korea Communications Commission. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 7 October 2016.
  19. ^ 김상훈 (2010-03-22). 통 세계사 1: 인류 탄생에서 중세 시대까지: 외우지 않고 통으로 이해하는 (in Korean). Dasan Books. ISBN 9788963702117. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
  20. ^ Injae, Lee; Miller, Owen; Jinhoon, Park; Hyun-Hae, Yi (15 December 2014). Korean History in Maps. Cambridge University Press. p. 49. ISBN 9781107098466. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
  21. ^ 이창우, 그림; 이희근, 글 : 최승필,감수 (15 July 2010). 세상이 깜짝 놀란 우리 역사 진기록 (in Korean). 뜨인돌출판. ISBN 9788958074731. Retrieved 11 October 2016.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ^ "일본 굴레 벗어난 최초의 광개토대왕비문 해석본 나와". OhmyNews. 9 February 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2016.

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