Haka

Haka (/ˈhɑːkə/,^[1] /ˈhækə/;^[2] singular haka, in both Māori and English) are a variety of ceremonial dances in Māori culture.^[3] A performance art, haka are often performed by a group, with vigorous movements and stamping of the feet with rhythmically shouted accompaniment.^[3] Haka have been traditionally performed by both men and women for a variety of social functions within Māori culture.^[4][5][6] They are performed to welcome distinguished guests, or to acknowledge great achievements, occasions, or funerals.

Kapa haka groups are common in schools.^[7] The main Māori performing arts competition, Te Matatini, takes place every two years.^[8]

New Zealand sports teams' practice of performing a haka to challenge opponents before international matches has made the dance form more widely known around the world. This tradition began with the 1888–89 New Zealand Native football team tour and has been carried on by the New Zealand rugby union team (known as the All Blacks) since 1905.^[9][10][11] Although popularly associated with the traditional battle preparations of male warriors, conceptions that haka are typically war dances, and the non-accurate performance of haka by non-Māori, are considered erroneous and sometimes offensive by Māori scholars.^[12][13]