Haplogroup X (mtDNA)

Haplogroup X
Haplogroup X
Possible time of origin	ca. 45,000–20,000 years ago
Possible place of origin	Near East
Ancestor	N
Descendants	X1, X2
Defining mutations	73, 7028, 11719, 12705, 14766, 16189, 16223, 16278

Haplogroup X is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is found in North America, Europe, Western Asia, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa.

Haplogroup X diverged from haplogroup N, roughly 30,000 years ago (just prior to or during the Last Glacial Maximum). It is in turn ancestral to subclades X2 and X1, which arose c.16-21 thousand and c.14-24 thousand years ago, respectively.^[1]

^ ^a ^b X is estimated at 31.8+12.8
−12.1 kya (95% CI) in: "Supplementary Materials, Document S1" in: Soares, Pedro; Ermini, Luca; Thomson, Noel; Mormina, Maru; Rito, Teresa; Röhl, Arne; Salas, Antonio; Oppenheimer, Stephen; Macaulay, Vincent; Richards, Martin B. (12 June 2009). "Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock". American Journal of Human Genetics. 84 (6): 740–759. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.05.001. PMC 2694979. PMID 19500773.
^ Havaš Auguštin, Dubravka; Šarac, Jelena; Reidla, Maere; Tamm, Erika; Grahovac, Blaženka; Kapović, Miljenko; Novokmet, Natalija; Rudan, Pavao; Missoni, Saša; Marjanović, Damir; Korolija, Marina (August 2023). "Refining the Global Phylogeny of Mitochondrial N1a, X, and HV2 Haplogroups Based on Rare Mitogenomes from Croatian Isolates". Genes. 14 (8): 1614. doi:10.3390/genes14081614. ISSN 2073-4425. PMC 10454736. PMID 37628665.
^ van Oven M, Kayser M (February 2009). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation. 30 (2): E386–394. doi:10.1002/humu.20921. PMID 18853457. S2CID 27566749.

[soares_supplementary-1] X is estimated at 31.8+12.8
−12.1 kya (95% CI) in: "Supplementary Materials, Document S1" in: Soares, Pedro; Ermini, Luca; Thomson, Noel; Mormina, Maru; Rito, Teresa; Röhl, Arne; Salas, Antonio; Oppenheimer, Stephen; Macaulay, Vincent; Richards, Martin B. (12 June 2009). "Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock". American Journal of Human Genetics. 84 (6): 740–759. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.05.001. PMC 2694979. PMID 19500773.

[2] Havaš Auguštin, Dubravka; Šarac, Jelena; Reidla, Maere; Tamm, Erika; Grahovac, Blaženka; Kapović, Miljenko; Novokmet, Natalija; Rudan, Pavao; Missoni, Saša; Marjanović, Damir; Korolija, Marina (August 2023). "Refining the Global Phylogeny of Mitochondrial N1a, X, and HV2 Haplogroups Based on Rare Mitogenomes from Croatian Isolates". Genes. 14 (8): 1614. doi:10.3390/genes14081614. ISSN 2073-4425. PMC 10454736. PMID 37628665.

[vanOven-3] van Oven M, Kayser M (February 2009). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation. 30 (2): E386–394. doi:10.1002/humu.20921. PMID 18853457. S2CID 27566749.

[1]

[2]

[3]

Haplogroup X

Possible time of origin	ca. 45,000–20,000 years ago^[1]
Possible place of origin	Near East^[2]
Ancestor	N
Descendants	X1, X2
Defining mutations	73, 7028, 11719, 12705, 14766, 16189, 16223, 16278^[3]