Harold Innis

Harold Innis FRSC
Innis in the 1920s
Born	November 5, 1894 Otterville, Ontario, Canada
Died	November 8, 1952(1952-11-08) (aged 58) Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Spouse	Mary Quayle ​ (m. 1921)​
Children	Donald Quayle Innis Mary Innis Cates Hugh Innis Anne Innis Dagg
Academic background
Alma mater	McMaster University University of Chicago
Doctoral advisor	Chester W. Wright[1]
Academic work
Discipline	Communication studies political economy
Sub-discipline	Communication theory economic history
School or tradition	Toronto School
Institutions	University of Toronto
Doctoral students	S. D. Clark[2]
Notable students	Albert Faucher [fr][3]
Notable works	The Fur Trade in Canada (1930) Empire and Communications (1950) The Bias of Communication (1951)
Notable ideas	Metropolitan-hinterland thesis staples thesis
Influenced	Ian Angus[4] James W. Carey Donald Creighton Stuart Henderson[5] Marshall McLuhan Arthur R. M. Lower Marshall Poe John Ralston Saul Mel Watkins[6]

Harold Adams Innis FRSC (November 5, 1894 – November 8, 1952) was a Canadian professor of political economy at the University of Toronto and the author of seminal works on media, communication theory, and Canadian economic history. He helped develop the staples thesis, which holds that Canada's culture, political history, and economy have been decisively influenced by the exploitation and export of a series of "staples" such as fur, fish, lumber, wheat, mined metals, and coal. The staple thesis dominated economic history in Canada from the 1930s to 1960s, and continues to be a fundamental part of the Canadian political economic tradition.^[7]

Innis's writings on communication explore the role of media in shaping the culture and development of civilizations.^[8] He argued, for example, that a balance between oral and written forms of communication contributed to the flourishing of Greek civilization in the 5th century BC.^[9] He warned, however, that Western civilization is now imperiled by powerful, advertising-driven media obsessed by "present-mindedness" and the "continuous, systematic, ruthless destruction of elements of permanence essential to cultural activity."^[10] His intellectual bond with Eric A. Havelock formed the foundations of the Toronto School of communication theory, which provided a source of inspiration for future members of the school Marshall McLuhan and Edmund Snow Carpenter.^[11]

Innis laid the basis for scholarship that looked at the social sciences from a distinctly Canadian point of view. As the head of the University of Toronto's political economy department, he worked to build up a cadre of Canadian scholars so that universities would not continue to rely as heavily on British or American-trained professors unfamiliar with Canada's history and culture. He was successful in establishing sources of financing for Canadian scholarly research.^[12]

As the Cold War grew hotter after 1947, Innis grew increasingly hostile to the United States. He warned repeatedly that Canada was becoming a subservient colony to its much more powerful southern neighbor. "We are indeed fighting for our lives", he warned, pointing especially to the "pernicious influence of American advertising.... We can only survive by taking persistent action at strategic points against American imperialism in all its attractive guises."^[13] His views influenced some younger scholars, including Donald Creighton.^[14]

Innis also tried to defend universities from political and economic pressures. He believed that independent universities, as centres of critical thought, were essential to the survival of Western civilization.^[15] His intellectual disciple and university colleague, Marshall McLuhan, lamented Innis's premature death as a disastrous loss for human understanding. McLuhan wrote: "I am pleased to think of my own book The Gutenberg Galaxy as a footnote to the observations of Innis on the subject of the psychic and social consequences, first of writing then of printing."^[16]