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Hazaras

This article is about the ethnic group of Afghanistan. Not to be confused with the Hindko-speaking Hazarawal people of the Hazara region in Pakistan, or with the historic Khazars.
Hazara
هزاره
Azra
آزره
Hazara school girls in Bamyan
Regions with significant populations
 Afghanistan6,000,000[1][2]
 Pakistan2,000,000[3][4][5]
 Iran500,000[6]
 Europe130,000[7]
 Australia41,766[8]
 Turkey26,000[9]
 Canada10,300[10]
 Indonesia3,800[11]
Languages
Religion
[12][13]
Related ethnic groups
[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]

The Hazaras (Persian: هزاره, romanized: Hazāra; Hazaragi: آزره, romanized: Āzrə) are an ethnic group and a principal component of the population of Afghanistan. They are one of the largest ethnic groups in Afghanistan and primarily residing in the Hazaristan (Hazarajat) region in central Afghanistan. Hazaras are also as significant minority groups in Pakistan mainly in Quetta and Iran mainly in Mashhad. They speak the Dari and Hazaragi dialects of Persian. Dari, also known as Dari Persian, is one of two official languages of Afghanistan.

Hazaras are one of the most persecuted groups in Afghanistan.[24] More than half of the Hazara population was massacred by the Emirate of Afghanistan between 1888 and 1893,[25] and their persecution has occurred various times across previous decades.[26]

due to widespread ethnic discrimination[27][28][29] religious persecution[30][31]organized attacks by terrorist groups[32][33]harassment and arbitrary arrest of Hazaras under various reasons[34][35]Numerous cases of rape and torture of Hazara girls and women[36][37][38]seizures of lands and homes[39][40][41]Imposing deliberate economic restrictions and creating deliberate economic backwardness of Hazara regions[42][43][44]Seizing agricultural fields[45][46] Occupying pastures of Hazara areas[47][48] and numerous cases of human rights violations have caused many Hazaras to be displaced and gradually forced to migrate or flee from Afghanistan[49][50][51][52]

  1. ^ "سرور دانش درصد جمعیت شیعه و هزاره را در گزارش دولت آمریکا نادرست خواند". BBC News فارسی (in Persian). Retrieved 2023-01-08.
  2. ^ Garrison, V. David. "Global Peoples Profiles:: Hazara of Afghanistan and Deccanis of India". www.missionfrontiers.org. Retrieved 2024-01-08.
  3. ^ Siddique, Abubakar (21 February 2013). "Hazaras of Pakistan". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 22 Dec 2022.
  4. ^ Census of Afghans in Pakistan 2005, UNHCR Statistical Summary Report (retrieved August 14, 2016)
  5. ^ Yusuf, Imran (5 October 2011). "Who are the Hazara?". Tribune. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
  6. ^ Smyth, Phillip (3 June 2014). "Iran's Afghan Shiite Fighters in Syria". The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
  7. ^ "Austria holds refugee talks as young Hazaras flee persecution to make 'dangerous' journey to Europe – ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)". mobile.abc.net.au. 2016-02-29. Retrieved 2017-08-19.
  8. ^ "Cultural Diversity". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2021-08-10. Retrieved 2022-06-28.
  9. ^ "Afghan Hazara Refugees Seek Justice in Turkey". 3 June 2014.
  10. ^ The population of people with descent from Afghanistan in Canada is 48,090. Hazara make up an estimated 30% of the population of Afghanistan depending to the source. The Hazara population in Canada is estimated from these two figures. Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada Archived 2018-12-24 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ Afghan Hazaras' new life in Indonesia: Asylum-seeker community in West Java is large enough to easily man an eight-team Afghan football league, Al Jazeera, 21 March 2014, retrieved 5 August 2016
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference culturalorientation was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ Cite error: The named reference :2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ Brasher, Ryan (2011). "Ethnic Brother or Artificial Namesake? The Construction of Tajik Identity in Afghanistan and Tajikistan". Berkeley Journal of Sociology. 55: 97–120. JSTOR 23345249.
  15. ^ B. Campbell, Disappearing people? Indigenous groups and ethnic minorities in South and Central Asia in: Barbara Brower, Barbara Rose Johnston (Ed.) International Mountain Society, California, 2007.
  16. ^ "Sunni Hazaras of Afghanistan". September 17, 2020.
  17. ^ دلجو, عباس (2018). تاریخ باستانی هزاره‌ها. کابل، افغانستان: موسسه انتشارات مقصوی، کابل. pp. 37, 167, 257. ISBN 978-9936-624-00-9.
  18. ^ Babur, (Emperor of Hindustan) (1826). Memoirs of Zehir-Ed-Din Muhammed Baber: Emperor of Hindustan. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green.
  19. ^ Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Vitalis, Renaud; Ségurel, Laure; Austerlitz, Frédéric; Georges, Myriam; Théry, Sylvain; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Hegay, Tatyana; Aldashev, Almaz; Nasyrova, Firuza; Heyer, Evelyne (2011). "In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (2): 216–223. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.153. ISSN 1476-5438. PMC 3025785. PMID 20823912. Our study confirms the results of Li et al's study that cluster the Hazara population with Central Asian populations, rather than Mongolian populations, which is consistent with ethnological studies. Our results further extend these findings, as we show that the Hazaras are closer to Turkic-speaking populations from Central Asia than to East-Asian or Indo-Iranian populations.
  20. ^ Chen, Pengyu; Adnan, Atif; Rakha, Allah; Wang, Mengge; Zou, Xing; Mo, Xiaodan; He, Guanglin (2019-08-18). "Population background exploration and genetic distribution analysis of Pakistan Hazara via 23 autosomal STRs". Annals of Human Biology. 46 (6): 514–518. doi:10.1080/03014460.2019.1673483. ISSN 0301-4460. PMID 31559868. S2CID 203569169. Overall, we genotyped 25 forensic-related markers in 261 Quetta Hazara individuals and provided the first batch of 23-autosomal STRs for forensic genetics and population genetics research. 23-autosomal STRs included in Huaxia Platinum were polymorphic in the Hazara population and could be used as powerful tool for forensic investigations. Population genetic comparisons based on two datasets via PCA, MDS and phylogenetic relationship reconstruction consistently indicated that the Quetta Hazara in Pakistan shared significant genetic components with Central Asians, especially for Turkic-speaking populations.
  21. ^ Cite error: The named reference Temirkhanov was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  22. ^ Cite error: The named reference Bacon was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  23. ^ "Хазарейцы • Большая российская энциклопедия - электронная версия". bigenc.ru. In Russian: "Упоминаются с 16 в. До 19 в. говорили на монг. языке."
  24. ^ Emadi, Hafizullah (September 1997). "The Hazaras and their role in the process of political transformation in Afghanistan". Central Asian Survey. 16 (3): 363–387. doi:10.1080/02634939708400997. Hazaras are one of the oppressed and dispossessed national minority communities of the country.
  25. ^ Alessandro Monsutti (15 December 2003). "HAZĀRA ii. HISTORY". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  26. ^ Mousavi, S. A. (2018). The Hazaras of Afghanistan. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-80016-0.
  27. ^ "Hazaras in Afghanistan". Minority Rights Group. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  28. ^ "Hazaras and Shias: Violence, Discrimination, and Exclusion Under the Taliban". www.jurist.org. 2024-05-14. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  29. ^ "The Plight of Hazaras Under the Taliban Government". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  30. ^ "hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/Hazaras(AfghanistanAndPakistan)".
  31. ^ "Afghanistan: ISIS Group Targets Religious Minorities | Human Rights Watch". 2022-09-06. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  32. ^ "Deliberate Attacks On Civilians And Hazaras Are War Crimes, Says HRW". Afghanistan International. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  33. ^ "Afghanistan: ISIS Group Targets Religious Minorities | Human Rights Watch". 2022-09-06. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  34. ^ Taj, Zareen (2024-04-10). "Taliban Gender Apartheid: Genocide of Hazara Women". genocidewatch. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  35. ^ Times, Zan (2024-01-22). "'I was arrested for the crime of being a Hazara and a woman': The Taliban's 'bad hijab' campaign targets Hazara women". Zan Times. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  36. ^ "/8am.media/eng/one-experience-two-perspectives-inside-the-lives-of-women-in-talibans-detention-centers-in-kabul/".
  37. ^ Manish, Abdul Wahed (2023-09-18). "The Taliban Abducted a Hazara Girl from Islamic Darul Uloom for Forced Marriage". Voice of Citizen News. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  38. ^ "Strange Exiles; Taliban Tortured Hazara Girls under the Name of Unbelievers and Rejectionists | Jade Abresham". 2023-10-16. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  39. ^ "/8am.media/eng/land-seizure-allegations-taliban-declare-hazara-neighborhood-property-documents-invalid-in-ghazni-province/".
  40. ^ rmasumi1 (2023-10-13). "Taliban Confiscate Hazara Land". genocidewatch. Retrieved 2024-06-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  41. ^ "Afghanistan: Taliban Forcibly Evict Minority Shia | Human Rights Watch". 2021-10-22. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  42. ^ "#6: Life under the Taliban". www.vidc.org. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  43. ^ Iltaf, Maisam (2024-01-23). "Taliban's Disruption of Aid Programs Push Hazaras To the Brink". KabulNow. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  44. ^ "Unfair Distribution of Humanitarian Aid in Afghanistan". Bamyan Foundation. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  45. ^ Qazi, Shereena. "Why are Hazaras being evicted from their homes in Afghanistan's Daikundi?". Why are Hazaras being evicted from their homes in Afghanistan's Daikundi?. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  46. ^ "8am.media/eng/the-massacre-of-hazaras-in-oruzgan-ethnic-prejudice-and-land-grab-politics/".
  47. ^ "Law of the Gun". KabulNow. 2024-01-23. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  48. ^ "/kuchi-land-grabbers-speed-up-construction-works-on-hazara-settlements-in-ghaznis-jaghatu-district/".
  49. ^ "Opinion: The gradual genocide of Hazara in Afghanistan". www.massey.ac.nz. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  50. ^ "Between a rock and a hard place: The Hazaras in Afghanistan". orfonline.org. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  51. ^ ""Who are the Hazaras and what are they escaping By Reuters"".
  52. ^ Baloch, Shah Meer (2021-08-29). "Hazara Shias flee Afghanistan fearing Taliban persecution". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-06-20.

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