Hepatitis D

Hepatitis D
Hepatitis D
Other names	Hepatitis delta
Specialty	Gastroenterology, infectious disease
Symptoms	Feeling tired, nausea and vomiting
Complications	Cirrhosis
Causes	Hepatitis D virus
Diagnostic method	Immunoglobulin G
Treatment	Antivirals, pegylated interferon alpha
Medication	Bulevirtide

Hepatitis D is a type of viral hepatitis^[3] caused by the hepatitis delta virus (HDV).^[4]^[5] HDV is one of five known hepatitis viruses: A, B, C, D, and E. HDV is considered to be a satellite (a type of subviral agent) because it can propagate only in the presence of the hepatitis B virus (HBV).^[6] Transmission of HDV can occur either via simultaneous infection with HBV (coinfection) or superimposed on chronic hepatitis B or hepatitis B carrier state (superinfection).

HDV infecting a person with chronic hepatitis B (superinfection) is considered the most serious type of viral hepatitis due to its severity of complications.^[7] These complications include a greater likelihood of experiencing liver failure in acute infections and a rapid progression to liver cirrhosis, with an increased risk of developing liver cancer in chronic infections.^[8] In combination with hepatitis B virus, hepatitis D has the highest fatality rate of all the hepatitis infections, at 20%. A recent estimate from 2020 suggests that currently 48 million people are infected with this virus.^[9]


	Hepatitis D
Synonym	Delta hepatitis
Type of Virus	ssRNA
Incubation Period	2–12 weeks
Transmission	Parenteral
Carrier State	Yes
Immunity Passive immunization Active immunization	Hyperimmune globulin Vaccine (hepatitis B)

^ ^a ^b ^c "Hepatitis D | NIDDK". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
^ ^a ^b "Hepatitis D". www.who.int. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
^ "Hepatitis (Viral) NIDDK". The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
^ Farci P (2003). "Delta hepatitis: an update". Journal of Hepatology. 39 (Suppl 1): S212–9. doi:10.1016/s0168-8278(03)00331-3. PMID 14708706.
^ Magnius L, Taylor J, Mason WS, Sureau C, Dény P, Norder H (December 2018). "ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Deltavirus". The Journal of General Virology. 99 (12): 1565–1566. doi:10.1099/jgv.0.001150. PMID 30311870.
^ Makino S, Chang MF, Shieh CK, Kamahora T, Vannier DM, Govindarajan S, Lai MM (1987). "Molecular cloning and sequencing of a human hepatitis delta (delta) virus RNA". Nature. 329 (6137): 343–6. Bibcode:1987Natur.329..343M. doi:10.1038/329343a0. PMID 3627276. S2CID 4368061.
^ "Hepatitis D". www.who.int. Retrieved 2020-09-20.
^ Fattovich G, Giustina G, Christensen E, Pantalena M, Zagni I, Realdi G, Schalm SW (March 2000). "Influence of hepatitis delta virus infection on morbidity and mortality in compensated cirrhosis type B. The European Concerted Action on Viral Hepatitis (Eurohep)". Gut. 46 (3): 420–6. doi:10.1136/gut.46.3.420. PMC 1727859. PMID 10673308.
^ Miao Z, Zhang S, Ou X, Li S, Ma Z, Wang W, Peppelenbosch MP, Liu J, Pan Q (April 2020). "Estimating the Global Prevalence, Disease Progression, and Clinical Outcome of Hepatitis Delta Virus Infection". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 221 (10): 1677–1687. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiz633. PMC 7184909. PMID 31778167.

[n-1] "Hepatitis D | NIDDK". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Retrieved 10 September 2019.

[hd-2] "Hepatitis D". www.who.int. Retrieved 10 September 2019.

[3] "Hepatitis (Viral) NIDDK". The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Retrieved 2020-06-19.

[pmid14708706-4] Farci P (2003). "Delta hepatitis: an update". Journal of Hepatology. 39 (Suppl 1): S212–9. doi:10.1016/s0168-8278(03)00331-3. PMID 14708706.

[5] Magnius L, Taylor J, Mason WS, Sureau C, Dény P, Norder H (December 2018). "ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Deltavirus". The Journal of General Virology. 99 (12): 1565–1566. doi:10.1099/jgv.0.001150. PMID 30311870.

[6] Makino S, Chang MF, Shieh CK, Kamahora T, Vannier DM, Govindarajan S, Lai MM (1987). "Molecular cloning and sequencing of a human hepatitis delta (delta) virus RNA". Nature. 329 (6137): 343–6. Bibcode:1987Natur.329..343M. doi:10.1038/329343a0. PMID 3627276. S2CID 4368061.

[7] "Hepatitis D". www.who.int. Retrieved 2020-09-20.

[8] Fattovich G, Giustina G, Christensen E, Pantalena M, Zagni I, Realdi G, Schalm SW (March 2000). "Influence of hepatitis delta virus infection on morbidity and mortality in compensated cirrhosis type B. The European Concerted Action on Viral Hepatitis (Eurohep)". Gut. 46 (3): 420–6. doi:10.1136/gut.46.3.420. PMC 1727859. PMID 10673308.

[9] Miao Z, Zhang S, Ou X, Li S, Ma Z, Wang W, Peppelenbosch MP, Liu J, Pan Q (April 2020). "Estimating the Global Prevalence, Disease Progression, and Clinical Outcome of Hepatitis Delta Virus Infection". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 221 (10): 1677–1687. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiz633. PMC 7184909. PMID 31778167.

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