Heterotic string theory

In string theory, a heterotic string is a closed string (or loop) which is a hybrid ('heterotic') of a superstring and a bosonic string. There are two kinds of heterotic superstring theories, the heterotic SO(32) and the heterotic E₈ × E₈, abbreviated to HO and HE. Apart from that there exist seven more heterotic string theories which are not supersymmetric and hence are only of secondary importance in most applications.^[1] Heterotic string theory was first developed in 1985 by David Gross, Jeffrey Harvey, Emil Martinec, and Ryan Rohm^[2] (the so-called "Princeton string quartet"^[3]), in one of the key papers that fueled the first superstring revolution.

^ Polchinski, Joseph (1998). String Theory: Superstring Theory and Beyond. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 55–59. ISBN 9780521633048.
^ Gross, David J.; Harvey, Jeffrey A.; Martinec, Emil; Rohm, Ryan (1985-02-11). "Heterotic String". Physical Review Letters. 54 (6). American Physical Society (APS): 502–505. Bibcode:1985PhRvL..54..502G. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.54.502. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 10031535.
^ Dennis Overbye (2004-12-07). "String theory, at 20, explains it all (or not)". The New York Times. Retrieved 2020-03-15.

[1] Polchinski, Joseph (1998). String Theory: Superstring Theory and Beyond. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 55–59. ISBN 9780521633048.

[2] Gross, David J.; Harvey, Jeffrey A.; Martinec, Emil; Rohm, Ryan (1985-02-11). "Heterotic String". Physical Review Letters. 54 (6). American Physical Society (APS): 502–505. Bibcode:1985PhRvL..54..502G. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.54.502. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 10031535.

[3] Dennis Overbye (2004-12-07). "String theory, at 20, explains it all (or not)". The New York Times. Retrieved 2020-03-15.

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