High German consonant shift

The High German languages are subdivided into Upper German (green) and Central German (cyan), and are distinguished from Low German (yellow) and the Low Franconian languages. The main isoglosses – the Benrath and Speyer lines – are marked in black. This map shows the modern boundaries of the languages after 1945.

In historical linguistics, the High German consonant shift or second Germanic consonant shift is a phonological development (sound change) that took place in the southern parts of the West Germanic dialect continuum in several phases. It probably began between the 3rd and 5th centuries and was almost complete before the earliest written records in Old High German were produced in the 8th century. The shift distinguishes High German from other West Germanic languages, which did not experience the shift. The degree that the shift was experienced within High German distinguishes Central from Upper German dialects, as well as dialects within both Central and Upper German.


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