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Hindko''' ({{lang|hno|{{Nastaliq|ہندکو}}}} {{IPA-ur|ˈɦɪnd̪koː|IPA}}) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by several million people primarily in northwestern Languages of Pakistan It is recognized as a distinct language within the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] family, encompassing a diverse group of Lahnda languages. Hindko is characterized by its unique linguistic features and has a significant cultural and linguistic presence in regions such as [[Hazara Division]], [[Peshawar]], [[Kohat]], and [[Pothohar]].
| Hindko | |
|---|---|
| Peshori (For the dialect spoken in Peshawar) | |
| ہندکو | |
 Hindko in Shahmukhi | |
| Native to | Pakistan |
| Region | Hazara Division, Peshawar, Kohat, Pothohar |
| Ethnicity | Hindkowans Hazarewal |
Native speakers | 5–7 million (2017–2020)[1][2] |
| Dialects | |
| Shahmukhi | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Either:hnd – Southern Hindkohno – Northern Hindko |
| Glottolog | hind1271 |
 The proportion of people with Hindko as their mother tongue in each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census | |
Hindko (ہندکو ) is distinguished by its various dialects, including Peshawari, Kohati, Awankari, Ghebi, and Chacchi, each with its own linguistic nuances and regional variations. It is predominantly written in the [[Shahmukhi alphabet|Shahmukhi]] script.
According to the 2017 Pakistan census, approximately 5.066 million people identified Hindko as their mother tongue, with estimates in 2020 suggesting a speaker population of around 7 million. The language is prevalent among diverse ethnic backgrounds, including [[Hindkowans]], [Pashtun/pathan Kashmiris, and Awan.
Hindko belongs to the Northwestern branch of the Indo-Aryan languages and shares mutual intelligibility with other Pahari-Pothwari languages. While it exhibits some similarities with Saraiki language Hindko maintains distinct morphological and phonological features that set it apart. Hindko has many words similar to Pashto language reflecting historical and linguistic interactions between the two languages.
Hindko, to some extent, is mutually intelligible with other Punjabi varieties including Pahari-Pothwari, Saraiki and Majhi Punjabi, and has more affinities with the former than with the latter. Differences with other Punjabi varieties are more pronounced in the morphology and phonology than in the syntax. Hindko, as well as other Lahnda varieties, and Standard Punjabi are "varieties" of the Punjabi language.
The word Hindko, commonly used to refer to a number of Indo-Aryan dialects spoken in the neighborhood of Pashto, likely originally meant "the Indian language" (in contrast to Pashto).[3] An alternative local name for this language group is Hindki.[4][a] A speaker of Hindko may be referred to as Hindki, Hindkun, or Hindkowan (Hindkuwan).[5]
Like other Lahnda language, Hindko is derived from the Shauraseni Prakrit.[6][7]
Due to the effects of dominant languages in Pakistani media such as Urdu, Punjabi, and English and the religious impact of Arabic and Persian, Hindko, like other regional varieties of Pakistan, is continuously expanding its vocabulary base with loan words.[8]
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
2017censuswas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
e26hnowas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Shackle 1980, p. 482; Rensch 1992, pp. 3–4. See there for alternative etymologies.
- ^ Rensch 1992, p. 4.
- ^ Nawaz 2014, p. 5; Shackle 1980, p. 482.
- ^ Mesthrie, Rajend (2018-09-14). Language in Indenture: A Sociolinguistic History of Bhojpuri-Hindi in South Africa. Routledge. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-429-78579-5.
The outer languages descend from various sources: The Eastern group from Magadhi Prakrit, Marathi from Maharastri Prakrit (which was a sub-division of Ardha-Māgadhi Prakrit, leaning more towards Māgadhi than Sauraseni), while Sindhi and Lahnda, whose early histories are not entirely clear, seem to be derived from Apabhramsas which show Sauraseni influence .
- ^ Kudva, Venkataraya Narayan (1972). History of the Dakshinatya Saraswats. Samyukta Gowda Saraswata Sabha. p. 218.
The Outer branch includes Lahnda spoken in West Punjab, Sindhi, Marathi, Briya Bahari (including its dialect Maithili), Bengali and Assamese. They are derived from Sauraseni Prakrit.
- ^ Shams, Shammim Ara (2020). "The Impact of Dominant Languages on Regional Languages: A Case Study of English, Urdu and Shina". Pakistan Social Sciences Review. 4 (III): 1092–1106. doi:10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)79.
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