Hip dysplasia

Hip dysplasia
Hip dysplasia
Other names	Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), developmental dislocation of the hip, congenital dysplasia of the hip (CDH)
	Congenital dislocation of the left hip in an elderly person. Closed arrow marks the acetabulum, open arrow the femoral head.
Specialty	Pediatrics, orthopedics
Symptoms	None, hip aches, one leg shorter, limping
Complications	Arthritis
Risk factors	Family history, swaddling, breech birth
Diagnostic method	Physical exam, ultrasound
Treatment	Bracing, casting, surgery
Prognosis	Good (if detected early)
Frequency	1 in 1,000 (term babies)

Hip dysplasia is an abnormality of the hip joint where the socket portion does not fully cover the ball portion, resulting in an increased risk for joint dislocation.^[1] Hip dysplasia may occur at birth or develop in early life.^[1] Regardless, it does not typically produce symptoms in babies less than a year old.^[3] Occasionally one leg may be shorter than the other.^[1] The left hip is more often affected than the right.^[3] Complications without treatment can include arthritis, limping, and low back pain.^[3] Females are affected more often than males.^[1] Risk factors for hip dysplasia include female sex, family history, certain swaddling practices, and breech presentation whether an infant is delivered vaginally or by cesarean section.^[3] If one identical twin is affected, there is a 40% risk the other will also be affected.^[3] Screening all babies for the condition by physical examination is recommended.^[3] Ultrasonography may also be useful.^[3]

Many of those with mild instability resolve without specific treatment.^[3] In more significant cases, if detected early, bracing may be all that is required.^[3] In cases that are detected later, surgery and casting may be needed.^[3] About 7.5% of hip replacements are done to treat problems which have arisen from hip dysplasia.^[3]

About 1 in 1,000 babies have hip dysplasia.^[3] Hip instability of meaningful importance occurs in one to two percent of babies born at term.^[3] Females are affected more often than males.^[1] Hip dysplasia was described at least as early as the 300s BC by Hippocrates.^[4]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ "Your Orthopaedic Connection: Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip". American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. October 2013.
^ "Definition: congenital dysplasia of the hip from Online Medical Dictionary".^{[dead link]}
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r Shaw, BA; Segal, LS; SECTION ON, ORTHOPAEDICS. (December 2016). "Evaluation and Referral for Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip in Infants". Pediatrics. 138 (6): e20163107. doi:10.1542/peds.2016-3107. PMID 27940740.
^ Bentley, George (2009). European Instructional Lectures: Volume 9, 2009; 10th EFORT Congress, Vienna, Austria. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 40. ISBN 9783642009662.

[OA2013-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ "Your Orthopaedic Connection: Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip". American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. October 2013.

[Dictionary-2] "Definition: congenital dysplasia of the hip from Online Medical Dictionary".^{[dead link]}

[Shaw2017-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r Shaw, BA; Segal, LS; SECTION ON, ORTHOPAEDICS. (December 2016). "Evaluation and Referral for Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip in Infants". Pediatrics. 138 (6): e20163107. doi:10.1542/peds.2016-3107. PMID 27940740.

[4] Bentley, George (2009). European Instructional Lectures: Volume 9, 2009; 10th EFORT Congress, Vienna, Austria. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 40. ISBN 9783642009662.

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