History of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan

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History of Sudan
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Before 1956
Prehistory before c. 25th cent. BC Kerma culture c. 25th cent. BC  – 16th cent. BC New Kingdom of Egypt 16th cent. BC  – 9th cent. BC Kingdom of Kush 9th cent. BC  – 4th cent. AD Christian Nubian Kingdoms 6th cent. – 15th cent. Islamization c. 9th cent. – 19th cent. Turco-Egyptian Sudan 1820–1885 Mahdist State 1885–1899 Anglo-Egyptian Sudan 1899–1956
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First Civil War 1955–1972 Republic of Sudan 1964 Revolution 1956–1969 Democratic Republic 1969 Coup 1969–1985 Second Civil War 1983–2005 Republic of Sudan 1985 Coup 1989 Coup 1986–2019 Republic of Sudan 2019 Revolution 2019 Coup 2021 Coup 2023 War 2019–present
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The history of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan refers to the history of Sudan from 1899 to 1955.

In January 1899, an Anglo-Egyptian agreement restored Egyptian rule in Sudan but as part of a condominium, or joint authority, exercised by the United Kingdom and Egypt. The agreement designated territory south of the twenty-second parallel as Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Although it emphasized Egypt's indebtedness to Britain for its participation in the reconquest, the agreement failed to clarify the juridical relationship between the two condominium powers in Sudan or to provide a legal basis for continued British governing of the territory on behalf of the Khedive. Article II of the agreement specified that

"the supreme military and civil command in Sudan shall be vested in one officer, termed the Governor-General of Sudan. He shall be appointed by Khedival Decree on the recommendation of Her Britannic Majesty's Government and shall be removed only by Khedival Decree with the consent of Her Britannic Majesty's Government."

The British governor-general, who was a military officer, reported to the Foreign Office through its resident agent in Cairo. In practice, however, he exercised extraordinary powers and directed the condominium government from Khartoum as if it were a colonial administration. Sir Reginald Wingate succeeded Kitchener as governor-general in 1899.

In each province, two inspectors and several district commissioners aided the British governor (mudir). Initially, nearly all administrative personnel were British Army officers attached to the Egyptian Army. In 1901, however, civilian administrators started arriving in Sudan from Britain and formed the nucleus of the Sudan Political Service. Egyptians filled middle-level posts while Sudanese gradually acquired lower-level positions.