History of Palestinian journalism

The history of Palestinian journalism dates back to the early 20th century. After the lifting of press censorship in the Ottoman Empire in 1908, Arabic-language newspapers in Palestine began to appear, which from its early days, voiced Arab aspirations, opposed Zionism and began to increasingly use "Palestine" and "Palestinians".^[1][2] This was notably reflected by the establishment of Al-Karmil in 1908 and Falastin in 1911, both published by Arab Christians.^[1] However, the emerging press was soon suppressed after the outbreak of World War I in 1914.^[3]

When Palestine became a British Mandate in 1920, its press became more diverse, as over 250 Arabic newspapers and 65 in other languages were circulating in Mandatory Palestine by the mid-1930s.^[3][4] The British began to introduce restrictive measures after 1929, and suspended many major publications during the 1936–1939 Arab revolt.^[3] Following the outbreak of World War II in 1939, the British authorities closed almost all the newspapers, with the exception of Falastin and Al-Difa', whose rivalry marked the mandate period.^[5][6]

The 1948 Palestine war forced Falastin and Al-Difa to move from Jaffa to East Jerusalem, which became along with Al-Jihad, Jordan's press for many years.^[7] Jordan issued a new press law in early 1967 that forced a merger of newspapers, leaving only East Jerusalem-based Al-Quds.^[8] Israel's occupation of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip following the Six Day War in 1967 brought the Palestinian press under Israeli military censorship, which would continue until the establishment of the Palestinian Authority in 1993.^[9] The three main newspapers circulating in the Palestinian territories today include Al-Quds; and Ramallah-based Al-Hayat Al-Jadida and Al-Ayyam.^[10]

Palestinian journalists reporting from the occupied territories have witnessed restrictions and risks, especially during the First and Second Intifadas which started in 1987 and 2000 respectively, and the ongoing Israel-Hamas war.^[11] The year 2023 saw record numbers of Palestinian journalists arrested and killed by the Israeli military.^[12][13] The rise of the internet in the 1990s gave Palestinians a new platform to share their narrative, such as the creation of Palestine Chronicle and The Electronic Intifada English websites, and Quds News Network and Shehab News Agency.^[14] Since then print newspapers have been challenged by the rise of such digital and citizen journalism,^[15][16] which has been faced with a "systematic censorship" campaign by some social media sites, such as Facebook.^[17]