History of the Quran

The history of the Quran, the holy book of Islam, is the timeline ranging from the inception of the Quran during the lifetime of Muhammad (believed to have received the Quran through revelation between 610 and 632 CE^[1]), to the emergence, transmission, and canonization of its written copies.

In Sunni tradition, it is believed that the first caliph Abu Bakr ordered Zayd ibn Thabit to compile the written Quran, relying upon both textual fragments and the memories of those who had memorized it during Muhammad's lifetime,^[2] with the rasm (undotted Arabic text) being officially canonized under the third caliph Uthman ibn Affan (r. 644–656 CE),^[3]^[3] leading the Quran as it exists today to be known as the Uthmanic codex.^[4] Some Shia Muslims believe that the fourth caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib was the first to compile the Quran shortly after Muhammad died.^[5] The canonization process is believed to have been highly conservative,^[6] although some amount of textual evolution is also indicated by the existence of companion codices like the Sanaa manuscript.^[7]^[8]

^ Cite error: The named reference donner was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Leemhuis, Fred (2006). Jane Dammen MacAuliffe (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Qur'ān. Cambridge. pp. 145–155. ISBN 9780521539340.
^ ^a ^b Esposito, John L. (2004). Esposito, John L. (ed.). "The Islamic World: Past and Present". Oxford Islamic Studies Online. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195165203.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-516520-3. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
^ "The Qurʾan - Introduction". Oxford Islamic Studies Online. Archived from the original on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
^ Cenap Çakmak, ed. (2017). Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 1116–1120. ISBN 9781610692175.
^ F. E. Peters, "The Quest of the Historical Muhammad, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 23, No. 3 (August 1991), p. 297.
^ Taher, Abul (8 August 2000). "Querying the Koran". the Guardian. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
^ Ohlig, Karl-Heinz (2013). Early Islam: A Critical Reconstruction Based on Contemporary Sources. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-61614-825-6.

[donner-1] Cite error: The named reference donner was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[2] Leemhuis, Fred (2006). Jane Dammen MacAuliffe (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Qur'ān. Cambridge. pp. 145–155. ISBN 9780521539340.

[:2-3] Esposito, John L. (2004). Esposito, John L. (ed.). "The Islamic World: Past and Present". Oxford Islamic Studies Online. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195165203.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-516520-3. Retrieved 1 May 2019.

[4] "The Qurʾan - Introduction". Oxford Islamic Studies Online. Archived from the original on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 1 May 2019.

[5] Cenap Çakmak, ed. (2017). Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 1116–1120. ISBN 9781610692175.

[6] F. E. Peters, "The Quest of the Historical Muhammad, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 23, No. 3 (August 1991), p. 297.

[7] Taher, Abul (8 August 2000). "Querying the Koran". the Guardian. Retrieved 6 December 2022.

[8] Ohlig, Karl-Heinz (2013). Early Islam: A Critical Reconstruction Based on Contemporary Sources. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-61614-825-6.

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