Holy Spirit Movement

The Holy Spirit Movement (HSM) was a Ugandan Christian rebel group centered around founder Alice Lakwena (Auma). Alice, an ethnic Acholi,^[1] was purportedly directed to form the HSM by Lakwena, one of her spirits, in August 1986. The movement grew to adopt a military wing and waged a major but short-lived rebellion as part of the insurgency (1986–1994). It may have inspired Joseph Kony to begin his Lord's Resistance Army.^[2]^[3]^[4]

Technically, the Holy Spirit Movement was the political wing of Alice's organization and the Holy Spirit Mobile Force (HSMF) was the military wing, but there was no real separation of functions and the titles were used interchangeably.^[5]

^ Uganda: A Country Study. The US Library of Congress.
^ "The Warlord". Invisible Children. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
^ DOOM, R.; VLASSENROOT, K. (1 January 1999). "Kony's Message: A New Koine?The Lord's Resistance Army in Northern Uganda". African Affairs. 98 (390): 5–36. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a008002. ISSN 0001-9909.
^ Van Acker, F. (1 July 2004). "Uganda and the Lord's Resistance Army: the new order no one ordered". African Affairs. 103 (412): 335–357. doi:10.1093/afraf/adh044. ISSN 0001-9909.
^ Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[loc-uganda-countryguide-1] Uganda: A Country Study. The US Library of Congress.

[2] "The Warlord". Invisible Children. Retrieved 3 December 2020.

[3] DOOM, R.; VLASSENROOT, K. (1 January 1999). "Kony's Message: A New Koine?The Lord's Resistance Army in Northern Uganda". African Affairs. 98 (390): 5–36. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a008002. ISSN 0001-9909.

[4] Van Acker, F. (1 July 2004). "Uganda and the Lord's Resistance Army: the new order no one ordered". African Affairs. 103 (412): 335–357. doi:10.1093/afraf/adh044. ISSN 0001-9909.

[:0-5] Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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