Human history

Human history is the development of humankind from prehistory to the present, understood through the study of written records, archaeology, anthropology, genetics, linguistics, and other forms of evidence.

Modern humans evolved in Africa around 300,000 years ago and initially lived as hunter-gatherers. They migrated out of Africa during the Last Ice Age and had populated most of the Earth by the end of the Ice Age 12,000 years ago. Soon afterward, the Neolithic Revolution in West Asia brought the first systematic husbandry of plants and animals, and saw many humans transition from a nomadic life to a sedentary existence as farmers in permanent settlements. The growing complexity of human societies necessitated systems of accounting and writing.

These developments paved the way for the emergence of early civilizations in Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, and China, marking the beginning of the Ancient period in 3000 BCE. This period saw the advent of transformative philosophical and religious ideas, initially Hinduism during the late Bronze Age, and later Greek philosophy, Buddhism, Confucianism, Jainism, Judaism, Taoism, and Zoroastrianism during the Axial Age. The following post-classical period, from about 500 to 1500 CE, witnessed the rise of Christianity and Islam while civilization expanded to new parts of the world and trade between societies increased.

During the early modern period, spanning from 1500 to 1800 CE, European powers explored and colonized regions worldwide, intensifying cultural and economic exchange. This era saw significant intellectual, cultural, and technological advancements driven by the Renaissance, the Scientific Revolution, and the Enlightenment. By the 18th century, the accumulation of knowledge and technology had reached a critical mass that brought about the Industrial Revolution and began the late modern period starting around 1800 CE. The growth in productive power further increased international trade and colonization, linking the different civilizations in the process of globalization. Despite the devastating impact of two world wars, the rates of growth in various domains have greatly accelerated over the last quarter-millennium, including human population, agriculture, industry, commerce, scientific knowledge, technology, communications, weapon destructiveness, and environmental degradation.