Human milk immunity

Human milk immunity is the protection provided to the immune system of an infant via the biologically active components in human milk. Human milk was previously thought to only provide passive immunity primarily through Secretory IgA, but advances in technology have led to the identification of various immune-modulating components.^[1]^[2]^[3] Human milk constituents provide nutrition and protect the immunologically naive infant as well as regulate the infant's own immune development and growth.^[4]

Immune factors and immune-modulating components in human milk include cytokines, growth factors, proteins, microbes, and human milk oligosaccharides.^[5]^[6] Immune factors in human milk are categorized mainly as anti-inflammatory^[2] primarily working without inducing inflammation or activating the complement system.^[7]

^ Petherick A (December 2010). "Development: Mother's milk: A rich opportunity". Nature. 468 (7327): S5-7. Bibcode:2010Natur.468S...5P. doi:10.1038/468S5a. PMID 21179083.
^ ^a ^b Miller E (2018). "Beyond Passive Immunity Breastfeeding, milk and collaborative mother-infant immune systems". In Tomori C, Palmquist AE, Quinn EA (eds.). Breastfeeding New Anthropological Approaches. New York: Routledge. pp. 26–36. ISBN 978-1-138-50287-1.
^ Garofalo R (February 2010). "Cytokines in human milk". The Journal of Pediatrics. 156 (2 Suppl): S36-40. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.11.019. PMID 20105664.
^ Martin MA, Sela DA (2013). "Infant Gut Microbiota: Developmental Influences and Health Outcomes". In Clancy KB, Hinde K, Rutherford JN (eds.). Building Babies. New York: Springer. pp. 233–256. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4060-4_11. ISBN 9781461440598.
^ Collado MC, Cernada M, Baüerl C, Vento M, Pérez-Martínez G (2012-07-14). "Microbial ecology and host-microbiota interactions during early life stages". Gut Microbes. 3 (4): 352–65. doi:10.4161/gmic.21215. PMC 3463493. PMID 22743759.
^ Cabrera-Rubio R, Collado MC, Laitinen K, Salminen S, Isolauri E, Mira A (September 2012). "The human milk microbiome changes over lactation and is shaped by maternal weight and mode of delivery". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 96 (3): 544–51. doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.037382. PMID 22836031.
^ Palmeira P, Carneiro-Sampaio M (September 2016). "Immunology of breast milk". Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira. 62 (6): 584–593. doi:10.1590/1806-9282.62.06.584. PMID 27849237.

[:1-1] Petherick A (December 2010). "Development: Mother's milk: A rich opportunity". Nature. 468 (7327): S5-7. Bibcode:2010Natur.468S...5P. doi:10.1038/468S5a. PMID 21179083.

[:2-2] Miller E (2018). "Beyond Passive Immunity Breastfeeding, milk and collaborative mother-infant immune systems". In Tomori C, Palmquist AE, Quinn EA (eds.). Breastfeeding New Anthropological Approaches. New York: Routledge. pp. 26–36. ISBN 978-1-138-50287-1.

[:9-3] Garofalo R (February 2010). "Cytokines in human milk". The Journal of Pediatrics. 156 (2 Suppl): S36-40. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.11.019. PMID 20105664.

[:13-4] Martin MA, Sela DA (2013). "Infant Gut Microbiota: Developmental Influences and Health Outcomes". In Clancy KB, Hinde K, Rutherford JN (eds.). Building Babies. New York: Springer. pp. 233–256. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4060-4_11. ISBN 9781461440598.

[5] Collado MC, Cernada M, Baüerl C, Vento M, Pérez-Martínez G (2012-07-14). "Microbial ecology and host-microbiota interactions during early life stages". Gut Microbes. 3 (4): 352–65. doi:10.4161/gmic.21215. PMC 3463493. PMID 22743759.

[6] Cabrera-Rubio R, Collado MC, Laitinen K, Salminen S, Isolauri E, Mira A (September 2012). "The human milk microbiome changes over lactation and is shaped by maternal weight and mode of delivery". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 96 (3): 544–51. doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.037382. PMID 22836031.

[:0-7] Palmeira P, Carneiro-Sampaio M (September 2016). "Immunology of breast milk". Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira. 62 (6): 584–593. doi:10.1590/1806-9282.62.06.584. PMID 27849237.

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