 | This article contains too many or overly lengthy quotations. (December 2020) |
| 1948 Hyderabad massacres | |
|---|---|
| Part of the Indian annexation of Hyderabad (Operation Polo) | |
 Indian Army officers ordered the surrender of all arms, but in practice, only Muslims were disarmed. Hindus, whom the military deemed less of a threat, were often allowed to keep their weapons which resulted in the massacres.[1] | |
.svg) | |
| Location | Hyderabad State (hardest-hit areas were Osmanabad, Nanded, Gulbarga and Bidar[2] [3]) |
| Date | 13 September 1948 - October 1948 |
| Target | Hyderabadi Muslims |
Attack type | mass murder, pogrom,[4][5] arson, ethnic cleansing, rape, systematic torture, lootings by Indian soldiers.[6] |
| Deaths | 27,000–40,000 (according to the Sunderlal Committee's estimate)[7] |
| Perpetrators | Hindu Militias, Indian Army |
| Motive | Islamophobia Retributive violence[2] Religious bigotry[8] |
The Hyderabad massacres[9] refers to the mass killings and massacre of Hyderabadi Muslims that took place in the aftermath of the Indian annexation of Hyderabad (Operation Polo). The killings were perpetrated by local Hindu militias, and by the Indian Army. An official "very conservative estimate" puts the total civilian death toll at 27,000–40,000 civilians between September–October 1948;[10] other scholars have put the figure at 200,000, or even higher.[11] Apart from mass killings, activists such as Sundarayya mention systematic torture, rapes, and lootings by Indian soldiers.[6]
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Sunderlal Reportwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b "Hyderabad 1948: India's hidden massacre". BBC News. 24 September 2013.
- ^ Noorani, A.G. (2014). The Destruction of Hyderabad. New Delhi: Tulika Books. pp. 221–246. ISBN 978-93-82381-33-4.
- ^ Anderson, Perry (19 July 2012). "Perry Anderson · Why Partition?". London Review of Books. 34 (14). Retrieved 5 March 2024.
- ^ Aiyar, SA (25 November 2012). "Declassify report on the 1948 Hyderabad massacre". Times of India. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
- ^ a b Telangana People's Struggle and Its Lessons. Foundation Books. 1972. ISBN 9788175963160.
- ^ Dam, Abhirup (17 September 2015). "Hyderabad 'Liberation' Day? The Price Was 27,000 Massacred". TheQuint. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
- ^ Sherman, Taylor C. (2007). "The integration of the princely state of Hyderabad and the making of the postcolonial state in India, 1948 – 56" (PDF). Indian Economic & Social History Review. 44 (4): 489–516. doi:10.1177/001946460704400404. S2CID 145000228.
The Committee generally credited the military officers with good conduct but stated that soldiers acted out of bigotry.
- ^ Purushotham, Sunil (19 January 2021). From Raj to Republic: Sovereignty, Violence, and Democracy in India. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-1-5036-1455-0.
- ^ PURUSHOTHAM, SUNIL. “Internal Violence: The ‘Police Action’ in Hyderabad.” Comparative Studies in Society and History, vol. 57, no. 2, 2015, pp. 435–66. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43908352. Accessed 14 June 2024.
- ^ Noorani, A.G. (3–16 March 2001), "Of a massacre untold", Frontline, 18 (5), retrieved 8 September 2014,
The lowest estimates, even those offered privately by apologists of the military government, came to at least ten times the number of murders with which previously the Razakars were officially accused...
© MMXXIII Rich X Search. We shall prevail. All rights reserved. Rich X Search