 | This article contains too many or overly lengthy quotations. (December 2020) |
| 1948 Hyderabad massacres | |
|---|---|
| Part of the Annexation of Hyderabad | |
 | |
| Date | 13 September 1948 - October 1948 |
| Location | |
| Caused by | Annexation of Hyderabad, religious and cultural tensions |
| Goals | Retributive violence[1] Religious bigotry[2] |
| Methods | Mass murder, pogrom,[3][4] rape, looting and arson |
| Casualties | |
| Death(s) | 27,000–40,000 (according to the Sunderlal Committee's estimate)[5] |
The Hyderabad massacres[6] refers to the mass killings and genocidal massacre of Hyderabadi Muslims that took place in the aftermath of the Indian annexation of Hyderabad (Operation Polo). The killings were perpetrated by local Hindu militias, and by the Indian Army. An official "very conservative estimate" puts the total civilian death toll at 27,000–40,000 civilians between September–October 1948;[7] other scholars have put the figure at 200,000, or even higher.[8] Apart from mass killings, activists such as Sundarayya mention systematic torture, rapes, and lootings by Indian soldiers.[9]
- ^ "Hyderabad 1948: India's hidden massacre". BBC News. 24 September 2013.
- ^ Sherman, Taylor C. (2007). "The integration of the princely state of Hyderabad and the making of the postcolonial state in India, 1948 – 56" (PDF). Indian Economic & Social History Review. 44 (4): 489–516. doi:10.1177/001946460704400404. S2CID 145000228.
The Committee generally credited the military officers with good conduct but stated that soldiers acted out of bigotry.
- ^ Anderson, Perry (19 July 2012). "Perry Anderson · Why Partition?". London Review of Books. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
- ^ Aiyar, SA (25 November 2012). "Declassify report on the 1948 Hyderabad massacre". Times of India. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
- ^ Dam, Abhirup (17 September 2015). "Hyderabad 'Liberation' Day? The Price Was 27,000 Massacred". TheQuint. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
- ^ Purushotham, Sunil (19 January 2021). From Raj to Republic: Sovereignty, Violence, and Democracy in India. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-1-5036-1455-0.
- ^ Purushotham, Sunil. "Internal Violence: The "Police Action" in Hyderabad - CSSH".
- ^ Noorani, A.G. (3–16 March 2001), "Of a massacre untold", Frontline, 18 (5), retrieved 8 September 2014,
The lowest estimates, even those offered privately by apologists of the military government, came to at least ten times the number of murders with which previously the Razakars were officially accused...
- ^ Telangana People's Struggle and Its Lessons. Foundation Books. 1972. ISBN 9788175963160.
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