Hydrogel

A hydrogel is a biphasic material, a mixture of porous, permeable solids and at least 10% by weight or volume of interstitial fluid composed completely or mainly by water.^[1]^[2] In hydrogels the porous permeable solid is a water insoluble three dimensional network of natural or synthetic polymers and a fluid, having absorbed a large amount of water or biological fluids.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] These properties underpin several applications, especially in the biomedical area. Many hydrogels are synthetic, but some are derived from nature.^[6]^[7] The term 'hydrogel' was coined in 1894.^[8]

^ Wichterle, O.; Lím, D. (1960-01-01). "Hydrophilic Gels for Biological Use". Nature. 185 (4706): 117–118. Bibcode:1960Natur.185..117W. doi:10.1038/185117a0. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 4211987.
^ ^a ^b Ghosh, Shampa; Ghosh, Soumya; Sharma, Hitaishi; Bhaskar, Rakesh; Han, Sung Soo; Sinha, Jitendra Kumar (2024-01-01). "Harnessing the power of biological macromolecules in hydrogels for controlled drug release in the central nervous system: A review". International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 254: 127708. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127708. ISSN 0141-8130. S2CID 264944892.
^ Shrivastava, Priya; Vishwakarma, Nikhar; Gautam, Laxmikant; Vyas, Suresh P. (2023), "Magnetically responsive polymeric gels and elastomeric system(s) for drug delivery", Smart Polymeric Nano-Constructs in Drug Delivery, Elsevier, pp. 129–150, doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91248-8.00012-x, ISBN 978-0-323-91248-8, retrieved 2023-01-16
^ Fundamental Biomaterials: Polymers. 2018. doi:10.1016/c2016-0-03544-1. ISBN 9780081021941.
^ Polymer Science: A Comprehensive Reference. Elsevier. 2012. doi:10.1016/c2009-1-28406-1. ISBN 978-0-08-087862-1.
^ Cai W, Gupta RB (2012). "Hydrogels". Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. pp. 1–20. doi:10.1002/0471238961.0825041807211620.a01.pub2. ISBN 978-0471238966.
^ Cite error: The named reference :2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Bemmelen JM (1907). "Der Hydrogel und das kristallinische Hydrat des Kupferoxydes". Zeitschrift für Chemie und Industrie der Kolloide. 1 (7): 213–214. doi:10.1007/BF01830147. S2CID 197928622.

[1] Wichterle, O.; Lím, D. (1960-01-01). "Hydrophilic Gels for Biological Use". Nature. 185 (4706): 117–118. Bibcode:1960Natur.185..117W. doi:10.1038/185117a0. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 4211987.

[:7-2] Ghosh, Shampa; Ghosh, Soumya; Sharma, Hitaishi; Bhaskar, Rakesh; Han, Sung Soo; Sinha, Jitendra Kumar (2024-01-01). "Harnessing the power of biological macromolecules in hydrogels for controlled drug release in the central nervous system: A review". International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 254: 127708. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127708. ISSN 0141-8130. S2CID 264944892.

[3] Shrivastava, Priya; Vishwakarma, Nikhar; Gautam, Laxmikant; Vyas, Suresh P. (2023), "Magnetically responsive polymeric gels and elastomeric system(s) for drug delivery", Smart Polymeric Nano-Constructs in Drug Delivery, Elsevier, pp. 129–150, doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91248-8.00012-x, ISBN 978-0-323-91248-8, retrieved 2023-01-16

[4] Fundamental Biomaterials: Polymers. 2018. doi:10.1016/c2016-0-03544-1. ISBN 9780081021941.

[5] Polymer Science: A Comprehensive Reference. Elsevier. 2012. doi:10.1016/c2009-1-28406-1. ISBN 978-0-08-087862-1.

[KO-6] Cai W, Gupta RB (2012). "Hydrogels". Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. pp. 1–20. doi:10.1002/0471238961.0825041807211620.a01.pub2. ISBN 978-0471238966.

[:2-7] Cite error: The named reference :2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[8] Bemmelen JM (1907). "Der Hydrogel und das kristallinische Hydrat des Kupferoxydes". Zeitschrift für Chemie und Industrie der Kolloide. 1 (7): 213–214. doi:10.1007/BF01830147. S2CID 197928622.

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