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Ibn Butlan

al-Muḫtār Yuwānnīs ibn Buṭlān
Ibn Buṭlān (left) and two of his students depicted in the Cod. Vindob. S. N. 2644 edition of the Tacuinum sanitatis[1]
Personal
Bornfirst quarter of the 11th century
Baghdad, Iraq
Died8 Šauwāl 458 AH
2 September 1066 AD
Antioch, Eastern Roman Empire
ReligionChristianity
EraAbbasid Caliphate
Fatimid Caliphate
Macedonian era
Creed
Senior posting
Influenced by
Medical career
Profession
Institutions
Onomastic information
Arabic name
Personal
(Ism)		al-Muḫtār
المختار
Patronymic
(Nasab)		ibn al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAbdūn ibn Saʿdūn ibn Buṭlān
بن الحسن بن عبدون بن سعدون بن بطلان
Teknonymic
(Kunya)		Abū l-Ḥasan
أبو الحسن
Other namesYuwānnīs
إيوانيس

Abū 'l-Ḥasan al-Muḫtār Yuwānnīs ibn al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAbdūn ibn Saʿdūn ibn Buṭlān[2] (Arabic: أبو الحسن المختار إيوانيس بن الحسن بن عبدون بن سعدون بن بطلان; ; ca. first quarter of the 11th century AD – 8 Šauwāl 458 AH/2 September 1066 AD[3]) known as Ibn Buṭlān (Arabic: ابن بطلان; ) was a physician and Arab Christian theologian from Baghdad during the Abbasid era. He left his hometown for travels throughout the Iraq, Syria, Egypt, and Asia Minor during which he practiced medicine, studied, wrote, and engaged in intellectual debates most famously the Battle of the Physicians[a] with Ibn Riḍwān. He was a first-hand witness of the Schism of 1054 in Constantinople, contributing a work to the discussions surrounding it for Patriarch Michael I Cerularius. After his time in Constantinople he remained in the Byzantine Empire, becoming a monk in Antioch during the end of the Macedonian Renaissance.

He is most renowned for his work Taqwīm aṣ-Ṣiḥḥa (Arabic: تقويم الصحّة, lit. 'Tabular Register of Health'; ) a handbook on dietetics and hygiene.[b] It was named for its intricate tables, similar to those found within a Taqwīm as-Sana (Arabic: تقويم السنة, lit. 'tabular register of the year'), a type of astrological almanac.[c][8] He was the first person to use these tables in a non-astrological work, creating a new scientific writing format and should therefore be seen as the main influence on all subsequent uses of this format, like Ibn Ǧazla's Taqwīm al-Abdān fī Tadbīr al-Insān[d] and Abū 'l-Fidāʾ's Taqwīm al-Buldān.[e][f][10][11][3][12][13][14] The many preserved manuscripts of Latin translations of the Taqwīm aṣ-Ṣiḥḥa in Europe are thought to illustrate the relationship between early modern Europe and the Arab World in the field of medical science. Despite increased European contact with Egypt and Syria because of the Crusades and trade into the sixteenth century there are no Latin translations of medical texts from Arab writers after Ibn Buṭlān.[15][16]

Ibn Buṭlān is additionally noteworthy for being one of a few non-Muslim physicians about whom enough is known to paint a detailed biography, during a period when the People of the Pact,[g] that is Christians, Jews, and Sabians, dominated the medical profession.[h] Documents like the Cairo Geniza provide scientific records about the medical practices of such physicians but lack reliable information outside of that to create detailed biographies about them and to describe their perception and role within society. Ibn Buṭlān therefore presents an important exception to this general lack of sources.[18]

  1. ^ Tacuinum Sanitation, Cod. Ser. n. 2644 HAN MAG. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  2. ^ Graf, Georg (1944). Geschichte der Christlichen Arabischen Literatur [History of Christian Arabic Literature] (in German). Vol. II. pp. 191–195.
  3. ^ a b Schacht, J. (1997). "Ibn Buṭlān". Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. 3: 740–742. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3120. ISBN 9789004161214 – via Brill.
  4. ^ Arano, Lusia Cogliati (1976). The medieval Health Handbook - Tacuinum sanitatis. Translated by Ratti, Oscar; Adele, Westbrook. New York: G. Braziller. pp. 6, 11. ISBN 0-8076-0808-4. OCLC 931195251.
  5. ^ a b Loudon, Irvine (2001). Western Medicine: An Illustrated History. Oxford University Press. pp. 46–47. ISBN 978-0-19-924813-1.
  6. ^ Savage-Smith, Emilie. "Islamic Medical Manuscripts: Bio-Bibliographies - Ibn Butlan". www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2021-11-13.
  7. ^ Hau, Friedrun R. (2005). Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte [Encyclopedia of Medical History] (in German). Werner E. Gerabek, Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil, Wolfgang Wegner. Berlin: De Gruyter. p. 223. ISBN 3-11-015714-4. OCLC 249493450.
  8. ^ Wickersheimer, Ernest (1950). "Les Tacuini Sanitatis: Et Leur Traduction Allemande Par Michel Herr" [The Tacuini Sanitatis: and their German translation by Michael Herr]. Bibliothèque d'Humanisme et Renaissance. 12 (1): 85–97. ISSN 0006-1999. JSTOR 20673484 – via JSTOR.
  9. ^ Ibn Buṭlān,approximately 1068 (1990). Le Taqwīm al-Ṣiḥḥa (Tacuini Sanitatis) d'Ibn Buṭlān : un traité médical du XIe siècle : histoire du texte, édition critique, traduction, commentaire. Hosam Elkhadem. Lovanii: A. Peeters. pp. 37–42. ISBN 90-6831-271-5. OCLC 25171187.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Yousef Jadon, Samira (1968). The Arab Physician Ibn Buṭlān (d. 1066) Medical Manual for the Use of Monks and Country People (in Arabic). Los Angeles. p. 33.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  11. ^ Ibn Buṭlān,approximately 1068 (1990). Le Taqwīm al-Ṣiḥḥa (Tacuini Sanitatis) d'Ibn Buṭlān : un traité médical du XIe siècle : histoire du texte, édition critique, traduction, commentaire. Hosam Elkhadem. Lovanii: A. Peeters. p. 38. ISBN 90-6831-271-5. OCLC 25171187.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Cyril, Elgood (1951). A medical history of Persia and the Eastern caliphate: from the earliest times until the year A.D. 1932. Cambridge University Press. p. 222.
  13. ^ Cite error: The named reference :15 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ Tonwaide, Alain (1996). "Heilkundliche Verfahren im Mittelalter: die Arzneimittel" [Processes of Medical Science in the Middle Ages: the medicines]. Die Geschichte des medizinischen Denkens: Antike und Mittelalter [The History of Medical Thinking: Ancient and Medieval Era] (in German). Bernadino Fantini, Mirko Dražen Gremk, Corinna Fiedler. München: C.H. Beck. p. 291. ISBN 3-406-40286-0. OCLC 36886925.
  15. ^ Loudon, Irvine (2001). Western Medicine: An Illustrated History. Oxford University Press. pp. 46–47. ISBN 978-0-19-924813-1.
  16. ^ Ibn Butlan's Tacuinum sanitatis in medicina. Strassburg, 1531.
  17. ^ صديق أحمد عيسى المطيعي (1976). الباب الخامس والأربعون: في الحسبة عل الأطباء، والكحالين، والجرانحيبن، والجبرين [The fourth and fifth Chapter: On the Upholding of Collective Morality of the Physicians, the Ophthalmologists, the Surgeons, and the Setters of Broken Bones]. In Šaʿbān, Muḥammad Maḥmūd (ed.). Maʿlam al-Qurba fī Ṭalaba al-Ḥisba معالم القربة في طلب الحسبة [Teachers of Kinship on Pursuing the Upholding Collective Morality] (in Arabic). Cairo. p. 254.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  18. ^ Conrad, Lawrence (2001). "Ibn Buṭlān in Bilād al-Shām". Syrian Christians under Islam, the First Thousand Years. Leiden: Brill. pp. 131–132. ISBN 978-90-04-49746-7. OCLC 1310083914.


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